Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants
| Characteristic | CC (n = 122) | SMA (n = 172) | CM (n = 206) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 3.7 (2.8–4.9) | 2.9 (2.1–4.5) | 3.5 (2.6–5.1) | .0001 |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 69 (56.6) | 68 (39.5) | 84 (40.8) | .007 |
| Weight-for-age z-score | −0.7 (−1.2 to −0.1), n = 118 | −1.3 (−1.9 to −0.5), n = 170 | −1.0 (−1.7 to −0.4), n = 204 | .0001 |
| Height-for-age z-score | −1.3 (−1.7 to −0.4) | −1.4 (−2.3 to −0.5), n = 171 | −1.0 (−1.8 to −0.2) | .02 |
| Weight-for-height z-score | −0.1 (−0.8 to 0.5), n = 97 | −0.6 (−1.7 to 0.4), n = 147 | −0.7 (−1.6 to 0.0), n = 155 | .001 |
| Socioeconomic status scorea | 9 (8–11) | 9 (7–11) | 9 (8–11) | .775 |
| Home environment z-scorea | −0.02 (0.59 to 0.85) | −0.06 (−0.66 to 0.70) n = 165 |
−0.06 (−0.72 to 0.70) n = 178 |
.516 |
| HIV positive, no./No. (%) | 2 (1.6) | 4/170 (2.4) | 5/192 (2.6) | .929 |
| No. of seizures during hospitalization | … | 0 (0–0) | 1 (0–2) | .0001 |
| AKI, no./No. (%) | … | 36/161 (22.4) | 81/199 (40.7) | <.0001 |
| Mother's highest education levela, no./No. (%) | ||||
| Primary 6 or lower | 38 (31.2) | 65/166 (39.2) | 68/178 (38.2) | .305 |
| Primary 7 | 27 (22.1) | 35/166 (21.1) | 39/178 (21.9) | |
| Secondary or higher | 51 (41.8) | 65/166 (39.2) | 66/178 (37.1) | |
| Unknown or missing | 6 (4.9) | 1/166 (0.60) | 5/178 (2.8) | |
| Father's highest education levela, no./No. (%) | ||||
| Primary 6 or lower | 18 (14.8) | 37/166 (22.3) | 34/178 (19.1) | .410 |
| Primary 7 | 23 (18.9) | 24/166 (14.5) | 30/178 (16.9) | |
| Secondary or higher | 63 (51.6) | 77/166 (46.4) | 76/178 (42.7) | |
| Unknown or missing | 18 (14.8) | 28/166 (16.9) | 38/178 (21.4) | |
| Child has preschool educationa, no./No. (%) | 58 (47.5) | 43/164 (26.2) | 69/177 (39.0) | .001 |
| Neurologic deficit at discharge, no./No. (%) | … | … | 67/179 (37.4) | |
| Cognitive deficitsb, preschool tests, no./No. (%) | ||||
| 1-wk follow-up | 4/94 (4.3) | 28/134 (20.9) | 36/133 (27.1) | <.0001 |
| 24-mo follow-up | 1/35 (2.9) | 24/76 (31.6) | 17/56 (30.4) | .001 |
| Cognitive deficitsb, school-age tests, no./No. (%) | ||||
| 1-wk follow-up | 1/28 (3.6) | 8/32 (25.0) | 16/47 (34.0) | .005 |
| 24-mo follow-up | 4/82 (4.9) | 16/79 (20.3) | 38/116 (32.8) | <.0001 |
| Completed 24-mo cognitive testing | 117 | 155 | 172 | |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. Data were analyzed using Pearson χ2 or Fisher exact test for categorical measures and Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous measures. Total number is shown if fewer than column number.
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; CC, community children; CM, cerebral malaria; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SMA, severe malarial anemia.
a
Assessed in severe malaria survivors during home visit (SMA, n = 164–166; CM, n = 177–178).
b
Defined as the presence of a deficit (age-adjusted z-score < −2) in any of the primary cognitive domains of cognition, attention, memory).