. 2023 May 24;328:115973. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115973

Table 2.

Study results (Interacting effects of unemployment and UI)– Fixed-effects model responding to Research question 2.

Model 1: No controls								Model 2: Safety-nets
Variables	(1) Depression	(2) Stress	(3) Ave Sub use	(4) Cannabis	(5) Drugs	(6) Drinking	(7) Smoking	(1) Depression	(2) Stress	(3) Ave Sub use	(4) Cannabis	(5) Drugs	(6) Drinking	(7) Smoking	(1) Depression	(2) Stress	(3) Ave Sub use	(4) Cannabis	(5) Drugs	(6) Drinking	(7) Smoking
Employed (no UI) (ref)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Unemployed#UI	−0.084	−0.421**	0.001	−0.047	−0.056	0.100	−0.002	−0.111	−0.420**	−0.008	−0.058	−0.068	0.096	−0.011	−0.117	−0.448**	0.000	−0.037	−0.057	0.099	−0.007
Unemployed#UI	(0.258)	(0.199)	(0.057)	(0.096)	(0.069)	(0.162)	(0.060)	(0.254)	(0.201)	(0.052)	(0.092)	(0.070)	(0.159)	(0.055)	(0.238)	(0.220)	(0.056)	(0.100)	(0.077)	(0.152)	(0.059)
Unemployed#No UI	0.278	0.424**	−0.070*	−0.060	−0.035	−0.012	−0.132***	0.254	0.432**	−0.071*	−0.061	−0.050	−0.004	−0.130***	0.185	0.336*	−0.076**	−0.049	−0.069	−0.038	−0.133***
Unemployed#No UI	(0.203)	(0.162)	(0.038)	(0.075)	(0.074)	(0.109)	(0.044)	(0.196)	(0.161)	(0.037)	(0.075)	(0.065)	(0.106)	(0.042)	(0.191)	(0.182)	(0.035)	(0.070)	(0.065)	(0.105)	(0.045)
Medicaid								0.123	−0.077	0.020	0.071	0.102	−0.027	−0.012	0.130	−0.055	0.012	0.061	0.100	−0.032	−0.023
Medicaid								(0.118)	(0.146)	(0.034)	(0.058)	(0.066)	(0.053)	(0.063)	(0.116)	(0.149)	(0.034)	(0.055)	(0.063)	(0.052)	(0.063)
Stimulus Check								0.145	0.076	−0.017	0.016	−0.002	−0.036	−0.006	0.146	0.082	−0.026	0.005	−0.010	−0.047	−0.016
Stimulus Check								(0.101)	(0.091)	(0.031)	(0.035)	(0.049)	(0.045)	(0.027)	(0.096)	(0.089)	(0.030)	(0.033)	(0.049)	(0.045)	(0.026)
TANF								0.989**	−0.109	0.091	0.242	−0.267*	0.143	0.256	1.033**	−0.063	0.070	0.210	−0.293*	0.112	0.247
TANF								(0.455)	(0.503)	(0.105)	(0.272)	(0.154)	(0.285)	(0.158)	(0.424)	(0.490)	(0.109)	(0.276)	(0.153)	(0.272)	(0.162)
SNAP								0.288	−0.037	−0.026	−0.055	0.022	0.041	−0.048	0.329*	−0.012	−0.032	−0.062	0.019	0.035	−0.057
SNAP								(0.175)	(0.144)	(0.062)	(0.088)	(0.084)	(0.065)	(0.080)	(0.178)	(0.142)	(0.060)	(0.088)	(0.084)	(0.064)	(0.078)
EITC								0.362	−0.228	0.014	−0.094	0.287	−0.044	−0.047	0.303	−0.265	0.002	−0.096	0.276	−0.073	−0.060
EITC								(0.300)	(0.310)	(0.058)	(0.120)	(0.227)	(0.150)	(0.086)	(0.309)	(0.323)	(0.054)	(0.118)	(0.217)	(0.154)	(0.086)
WIC								0.240	−0.160	−0.228**	−0.242	−0.149	−0.199	−0.290**	0.208	−0.214	−0.224**	−0.229	−0.158	−0.213	−0.273**
WIC								(0.266)	(0.264)	(0.111)	(0.154)	(0.198)	(0.138)	(0.111)	(0.271)	(0.254)	(0.110)	(0.153)	(0.198)	(0.136)	(0.109)
CHIP								−0.046	−0.161	0.124	0.320**	0.094	0.319*	−0.005	−0.043	−0.157	0.116	0.312**	0.088	0.313*	−0.012
CHIP								(0.280)	(0.376)	(0.079)	(0.132)	(0.133)	(0.183)	(0.118)	(0.276)	(0.373)	(0.082)	(0.130)	(0.138)	(0.182)	(0.117)
Housing Assistance								−0.250	0.039	0.069	−0.034	0.093	0.331**	−0.031	−0.284	−0.006	0.081	−0.009	0.107	0.338***	−0.027
Housing Assistance								(0.376)	(0.218)	(0.071)	(0.204)	(0.087)	(0.130)	(0.081)	(0.368)	(0.231)	(0.071)	(0.202)	(0.081)	(0.117)	(0.091)
Health Insurance								0.238	0.078	−0.101	−0.001	−0.086	−0.039	−0.093	0.226	0.065	−0.106*	−0.005	−0.096	−0.051	−0.092
Health Insurance								(0.177)	(0.172)	(0.061)	(0.111)	(0.126)	(0.106)	(0.068)	(0.177)	(0.172)	(0.056)	(0.107)	(0.124)	(0.100)	(0.065)
Stress																	−0.002	0.006	0.006	−0.002	0.001
Stress																	(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.008)
Depression																	0.023***	0.023***	0.029*	0.044***	0.014
Depression																	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.015)	(0.013)	(0.011)
Food Insecurity															0.711***	0.356*	0.002	−0.027	0.040	0.079	−0.054
Food Insecurity															(0.139)	(0.189)	(0.041)	(0.077)	(0.084)	(0.064)	(0.048)
Isolation															0.328	−0.177	−0.007	−0.017	−0.112	−0.029	0.098
Isolation															(0.262)	(0.172)	(0.054)	(0.093)	(0.109)	(0.068)	(0.068)
Social Connection															0.018	−0.015	0.041***	0.049***	0.034***	0.037***	0.043***
Social Connection															(0.022)	(0.018)	(0.007)	(0.013)	(0.008)	(0.011)	(0.009)
Economic Insecurity															0.007***	0.008***	0.000	−0.001	0.001	0.002**	−0.000
Economic Insecurity															(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Eviction Protection															0.246*	−0.102	0.073*	0.175*	0.144**	0.099	−0.021
Eviction Protection															(0.139)	(0.128)	(0.041)	(0.094)	(0.068)	(0.080)	(0.037)
Observations	16,986	16,986	16,644	16,986	16,986	16,986	16,644	16,986	16,986	16,644	16,986	16,986	16,986	16,644	16,986	16,986	16,644	16,986	16,986	16,986	16,644
R² (within)	0.010	0.011	0.007	0.001	0.004	0.007	0.003	0.018	0.012	0.013	0.005	0.009	0.011	0.010	0.037	0.023	0.041	0.018	0.022	0.026	0.026
Number of individuals	894	894	876	894	894	894	876	894	894	876	894	894	894	876	894	894	876	894	894	894	876

Note: (1) Robust standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1 (2) Time fixed effects are included in the model but did not show in the table.