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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023 Jan 23;94(6):814–822. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000003873

Table 1:

Characteristics of patients undergoing immediate surgery for hemorrhage control before and after implementation of a dedicated, trauma hybrid operating room (OR).

Patient characteristics Control cases
(n=106)
Hybrid OR cases
(n=186)
p

Age 40 [26–52] 41 [27–61] 0.176
Female 22 (21%) 52 (28%) 0.208
Injury Severity Score 18 [13–27] 22 [13–29] 0.187
Blunt injury 63 (59%) 119 (64%) 0.454
Penetrating injury 43 (41%) 67 (36%) 0.454
 Traumatic arrest in field or EDa 1 (1%) 7 (4%) 0.266
Intubated in field or ED 37 (35%) 66 (35%) >0.999
Glasgow Coma Scale 15 [3–15] 15 [7–15] 0.662
 Best eye opening response 4 [1–4] 4 [1–4] 0.230
 Best verbal response 5 [1–5] 5 [1–5] 0.689
 Best motor response 6 [1–6] 6 [4–6] 0.474
Heart rate 107 [90–124] 110 [93–128] 0.464
Respiratory Rate 18 [15–22] 20 [17–24] 0.008
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 95 [84–111] 95 [86–109] 0.886
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) 70 [61–82] 71 [61–83] 0.990
FAST performed 80 (75%) 154 (83%) 0.169
 FAST negative 40 (38%) 73 (39%) 0.804
 FAST equivocal 5 (5%) 10 (5%) >0.999
 FAST positive 35 (33%) 71 (38%) 0.448
Temperature (Celsius) 36.3 [35.3–36.8] 36.3 [35.7–36.7] 0.513
pH 7.29 [7.21–7.35] 7.28 [7.19–7.34] 0.230
Lactic acid (mmol/L) 3.1 [2.0–4.7] 3.4 [1.9–5.4] 0.666
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 11.1 [10.0–13.0] 10.2 [9.0–11.7] 0.001
International Normalized Ratio 1.3 [1.1–1.4] 1.2 [1.1–1.3] 0.087
Normal TEG 56 (53%) 128 (69%) 0.008
Insurance
 Medicaid 8 (7.5) 14 (7.5) >0.999
 Medicare 28 (26.4) 56 (30.1) 0.591
 Non-CMS Government 7 (6.6) 6 (3.2) 0.238
 Private 16 (15.1) 32 (17.2) 0.743
 None 47 (44.3) 78 (41.9) 0.713
a

These cases are traumatic arrests following penetrating trauma, as blunt traumatic arrests were excluded. ED: emergency department, FAST: focused assessment with sonography for trauma, TEG: thromboelastography. Data are presented as n (%) or median [interquartile range].

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