Table 2.
Associations between change in TC and risk of CVD.
| TC level before T2D diagnosis (mg/dL) | Low (< 180 mg/dL) | Middle (180 to 240 mg/dL) | High (≥ 240 mg/dL) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC level after T2D diagnosis (mg/dL) | Low | Middle | High | Low | Middle | High | Low | Middle | High |
| Number of subjects (N) | 3681 | 1815 | 148 | 4367 | 7662 | 1245 | 1093 | 2395 | 1415 |
| CVD (I20–I25, I60–I69) | |||||||||
| All | |||||||||
| Number of cases (n) | 322 | 212 | 21 | 348 | 799 | 161 | 74 | 230 | 201 |
| aHR | 1 | 1.31 | 1.80 | 0.83 | 1 | 1.10 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 1 |
| 95% CI | Reference | 1.10–1.56 | 1.15–2.83 | 0.73–0.94 | Reference | 0.92–1.31 | 0.49–0.86 | 0.56–0.83 | Reference |
| Among non-users of lipid-lowering drugs | |||||||||
| Subtotal (N) | 2657 | 1386 | 68 | 2324 | 5394 | 605 | 151 | 1038 | 516 |
| Number of cases (n) | 245 | 161 | 13 | 206 | 575 | 88 | 18 | 118 | 92 |
| aHR | 1 | 1.27 | 2.25 | 0.86 | 1 | 1.12 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 1 |
| 95% CI | Reference | 1.04–1.56 | 1.27–3.97 | 0.73–1.01 | Reference | 0.89–1.41 | 0.39–1.09 | 0.47–0.82 | Reference |
| Among users of lipid-lowering drugs | |||||||||
| Subtotal (N) | 1024 | 429 | 80 | 2043 | 2268 | 640 | 942 | 1357 | 899 |
| Number of cases (n) | 77 | 51 | 8 | 142 | 224 | 73 | 56 | 112 | 109 |
| aHR | 1 | 1.49 | 1.47 | 0.75 | 1 | 1.08 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 1 |
| 95% CI | Reference | 1.04–2.14 | 0.70–3.10 | 0.61–0.93 | Reference | 0.82–1.41 | 0.49–0.96 | 0.58–0.99 | Reference |
| CHD (I20–I25) | |||||||||
| All | |||||||||
| Number of cases (n) | 153 | 100 | 10 | 181 | 390 | 82 | 37 | 109 | 99 |
| aHR | 1 | 1.31 | 1.63 | 0.85 | 1 | 1.15 | 0.61 | 0.66 | 1 |
| 95% CI | Reference | 1.01–1.69 | 0.85–3.13 | 0.71–1.02 | Reference | 0.90–1.46 | 0.41–0.90 | 0.50–0.87 | Reference |
| Among non-users of lipid-lowering drugs | |||||||||
| Subtotal (N) | 2657 | 1386 | 68 | 2324 | 5394 | 605 | 151 | 1038 | 516 |
| Number of cases (n) | 111 | 67 | 4 | 95 | 268 | 43 | 9 | 46 | 43 |
| aHR | 1 | 1.14 | 1.39 | 0.86 | 1 | 1.24 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 1 |
| 95% CI | Reference | 0.84–1.55 | 0.51–3.81 | 0.68–1.08 | Reference | 0.89–1.71 | 0.33–1.48 | 0.33–0.77 | Reference |
| Among users of lipid-lowering drugs | |||||||||
| Subtotal (N) | 1024 | 428 | 80 | 2043 | 2268 | 640 | 942 | 1357 | 899 |
| Number of cases (n) | 42 | 33 | 6 | 86 | 122 | 39 | 28 | 63 | 56 |
| aHR | 1 | 1.77 | 2.08 | 0.84 | 1 | 1.09 | 0.64 | 0.83 | 1 |
| 95% CI | Reference | 1.11–2.81 | 0.86–5.01 | 0.63–1.10 | Reference | 0.76–1.57 | 0.40–1.03 | 0.57–1.19 | Reference |
| Stroke (I60–I69) | |||||||||
| All | |||||||||
| Number of cases (n) | 172 | 114 | 12 | 170 | 413 | 80 | 37 | 122 | 102 |
| aHR | 1 | 1.32 | 2.11 | 0.80 | 1 | 1.05 | 0.69 | 0.71 | 1 |
| 95% CI | Reference | 1.04–1.68 | 1.16–3.83 | 0.67–0.96 | Reference | 0.82–1.34 | 0.47–1.02 | 0.54–0.93 | Reference |
| Among non-users of lipid-lowering drugs | |||||||||
| Subtotal (N) | 2657 | 1386 | 68 | 2324 | 5394 | 605 | 151 | 1038 | 516 |
| Number of cases (n) | 135 | 95 | 10 | 114 | 309 | 45 | 9 | 73 | 49 |
| aHR | 1 | 1.39 | 3.03 | 0.88 | 1 | 1.02 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 1 |
| 95% CI | Reference | 1.07–1.82 | 1.70–6.40 | 0.71–1.09 | Reference | 0.74–1.40 | 0.29–1.25 | 0.51–1.07 | Reference |
| Among users of lipid-lowering drugs | |||||||||
| Subtotal (N) | 1024 | 429 | 80 | 2043 | 2268 | 640 | 942 | 1357 | 899 |
| Number of cases (n) | 37 | 19 | 2 | 56 | 104 | 35 | 28 | 49 | 53 |
| aHR | 1 | 1.18 | 0.72 | 0.65 | 1 | 1.07 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 1 |
| 95% CI | Reference | 0.67–2.09 | 0.17–3.06 | 0.47–0.90 | Reference | 0.73–1.57 | 0.46–1.18 | 0.46–1.02 | Reference |
aHR, adjusted hazard ratio analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, anti-diabetic medication, and lipid-lowering medication.
TC total cholesterol, T2D type 2 diabetes mellitus, CVD cardiovascular disease, CHD coronary heart disease, N, n number, CI confidential interval.