Table 2.
The distribution of pain scores in different levels of variables.
| Variables | No. | Second-day pain | Seventh-day pain | Sixth-month pain | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | ||
| Previous breast operation | 0.651 | 0.758 | 0.687 | ||||
| No | 100 | 5.27 ± 2.95 | 3.60 ± 2.23 | 3.32 ± 2.54 | |||
| Yes | 24 | 5.58 ± 3.02 | 3.44 ± 2.53 | 3.08 ± 2.46 | |||
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.207 | ||||
| No | 88 | 5.83 ± 2.81 | 3.89 ± 2.39 | 3.45 ± 2.66 | |||
| Yes | 36 | 4.09 ± 2.97 | 2.77 ± 1.79 | 2.81 ± 2.07 | |||
| Low back pain | 0.004 | 0.030 | 0.054 | ||||
| No | 105 | 5.02 ± 2.89 | 3.38 ± 2.17 | 3.09 ± 2.44 | |||
| Yes | 19 | 7.14 ± 2.73 | 4.64 ± 2.65 | 4.29 ± 2.74 | |||
| Knee pain | 0.270 | 0.510 | 0.223 | ||||
| No | 104 | 5.20 ± 2.89 | 3.51 ± 2.34 | 3.15 ± 2.49 | |||
| Yes | 20 | 6.00 ± 3.27 | 3.88 ± 1.95 | 3.90 ± 2.59 | |||
| Headache | 0.269 | 0.015 | 0.016 | ||||
| No | 97 | 5.17 ± 3.03 | 3.30 ± 2.29 | 2.98 ± 2.37 | |||
| Yes | 27 | 5.89 ± 2.64 | 4.50 ± 2.01 | 4.30 ± 2.80 | |||
| Chronic pain | 0.054 | 0.013 | 0.041 | ||||
| No | 74 | 4.91 ± 2.92 | 3.14 ± 2.20 | 2.89 ± 2.32 | |||
| Yes | 50 | 5.96 ± 2.93 | 4.18 ± 2.28 | 3.83 ± 2.70 | |||
| Breast surgery* | 0.364 | 0.173 | 0.010 | ||||
| BCS | 75 | 5.38 ± 2.89 | 3.77 ± 2.25 | 3.59 ± 2.53a | |||
| Mastectomy | 28 | 5.88 ± 3.08 | 3.80 ± 2.53 | 3.61 ± 2.45a | |||
| Other** | 20 | 4.65 ± 2.88 | 2.68 ± 1.76 | 1.75 ± 1.96b | |||
| Axillary surgery | 0.371 | 0.145 | 0.011 | ||||
| ALND | 58 | 5.93 ± 2.84 | 4.00 ± 2.51 | 3.66 ± 2.34 | |||
| SLNB | 46 | 4.78 ± 2.98 | 3.40 ± 2.06 | 3.47 ± 2.73 | |||
| Pathology | 0.228 | 0.045 | 0.002 | ||||
| Benign | 19 | 4.58 ± 2.95 | 2.61 ± 1.78 | 1.63 ± 1.94 | |||
| Malignant | 105 | 5.47 ± 2.95 | 3.75 ± 2.33 | 3.57 ± 2.50 | |||
| Analgesic use | < 0.001 | 0.010 | |||||
| No | 88 | 2.94 ± 2.06 | 2.90 ± 2.53 | ||||
| Yes | 32 | 5.30 ± 1.95 | 4.23 ± 2.29 | ||||
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 0.214 | ||||||
| No | 68 | 3.01 ± 2.66 | |||||
| Yes | 56 | 3.58 ± 2.32 | |||||
| Adjuvant radiotherapy | 0.001 | ||||||
| No | 63 | 2.57 ± 2.54 | |||||
| Yes | 61 | 3.99 ± 2.29 | |||||
The independent t-test was used to evaluate the relation between binary variables and pain across different time points. The ANOVA was used to assess the association between categorical variables and pain scores.
No. Number, BCS Breast-conserving surgery, SLNB Sentinel lymph node biopsy, ALND Axillary lymph node dissection.
*Multiple comparisons with the Tukey test determined pain scores at different levels of breast surgery, and different superscript letters show significantly different pain levels.
**Other types of breast surgery rather than mastectomy or BCS.
Significant values are in Bold.