Table 1.
Summary of recent pharmacological activities based on different plant parts of P. macrocarpa.
| Plant parts | Activity | Assay | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit | Antioxidant activity | DPPH assay | (Lay et al., 2014c) |
| FRAP assay | (Shwter et al., 2016) | ||
| DPPH & FRAP assay | (Mohamed Mahzir et al., 2018) | ||
| DPPH assay | (Lim et al., 2019) | ||
| DPPH assay | (Alara et al., 2019) | ||
| Anti-microbial activity | Disc diffusion method | (Othman et al., 2014a) | |
| Anti-diabetic activity | α-Glucosidase inhibitory assay | (Easmin et al., 2017) | |
| In vivo study using STZ-induced SD rats | (Azad and Sulaiman, 2020) | ||
| Inhibition of endometriosis development | In vitro assay using RL95-2 cell line | ||
| Anti-proliferative | In vitro assay using Ca Ski, MCF-7, MDAMB231, SKOV-3 and HT-29 cell lines | (Tandrasasmita et al., 2015) | |
| In vitro assay using HT-29 cell line | (Lay et al., 2014a) | ||
| In vitro assay using Y-79 cell lines | (Trilaksana et al., 2017) | ||
| In vivo study using azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci SD rats | (Shwter et al., 2016) | ||
| In vivo study for lung carcinogenesis growth in mice Balb/c | (Watuguly et al., 2020) | ||
| Anti-hypertensive | Clinical trial based on 40 respondents for hypertension study in elderly population | (Rizal et al., 2020) | |
| Anti-hypertensive and vasorelaxant activity | In vivo study using hypertensive rats | (Altaf et al., 2018) | |
| Wound healing activity | In vivo study using wounded SD rats | (Abood et al., 2015) | |
| In vivo study using wounded Rattus norvegicus white rats | (Sulistyoning Suharto et al., 2021) | ||
| Anti-inflammatory | In vivo study using carrageenan-induced male Swiss mice | (Tjandrawinata et al., 2015) | |
| In vivo study using ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in SD rats | (Abood, 2014) | ||
| Aphrodisiac activity | In vivo study using male SD rats | (Parhizkar et al., 2013b) | |
| In vivo study using male SD rats | (Parhizkar et al., 2014) | ||
| Leaves | Anti-microbial activity | Disc diffusion method | (Othman et al., 2014a) |
| Disc diffusion method | (Lestari et al., 2019) | ||
| Anti-hypercholesteraemic activity | In vitro assay based on SR-B1 expression | (Andriani et al., 2015) | |
| in vivo study using hypercholesterolemia-induced SD rats | (Andriani et al., 2015) | ||
| Anti-proliferative | In vivo study using DSS-induced Balb/c mice | (Kusmardi et al., 2021a), (Kusmardi et al., 2021b) | |
| In vivo study using immunocompromised New Zealand rabbits | (Saleh et al., 2021) | ||
| In vitro assay using T47D cell line | (Christina et al., 2021b) | ||
| Analgesic | In vivo study using glacial acetic acid-induced M. Musculus mice | (Salman et al., 2021) | |
| Seed | Antioxidant activity | DPPH assay | (Lay et al., 2014b) |
| Anti-proliferative | In vitro assay using Ca Ski, MCF-7, MDAMB231, SKOV-3 and HT-29 cell lines | (Lay et al., 2014b) | |
| Nutshell | Anti-proliferative | In vitro assay using EC109, EC9706, MGC-803 and PC-3 | (Zhang et al., 2012) |
| Stem & bark | Anti-proliferative | In vitro assay using HCT116 cell line | (Harmen et al., 2019) |
| Unknown part | Anti-proliferative | In vivo study using 18 epidermoid carcinoma induced Swiss mice | (Ekasaputra et al., 2020) |
Ca Ski- Human cervical carcinoma cells; DPPH-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; DSS- Dextran sodium sulfate; EC109- Oesophageal cancer cell line; EC9706- Oesophageal cancer cell line; FRAP- Ferric reducing test; HT-29-Human colon carcinoma cells; HCT116- Colorectal cancer cell line; MCF-7-hormone-dependent breast carcinoma cells; MDAMB231- Human breast adenocarcinoma cells; MGC-803- Stomach cancer cell line; PC-3- Prostate cancer cell line; RL95-2- New human endometrial carcinoma cells; SD-Sprague Dawley; SR-B1- Scavenger receptor B1; SKOV-3- Human ovarian carcinoma cells; STZ-Streptozotocin; T47D- Breast cancer cell line; Y-79-Human retinoblastoma cells.