Table 2.
Toxicity studies of different plant parts from P. macrocarpa.
| No | Plant part | Plant extract | Type of toxicity study | Animal and Dose | Duration | Observation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ripe fruits (Mesocarp & pericarp) | Ethanol | Acute toxicity | Brine shrimp naupli (Artemia salina) 0.78 ug/ml − 800 ug/ml |
24 h | Safe and non-toxic. LC50 > 800 ug/ml | (Azad, 2016) |
| 2 | Fruits | Ethanol | Acute toxicity | Adult SD rats 2000, 5000 mg/kg BW |
14 days | No mortality, no hepatoxic and no nephrotoxic | (Shwter et al., 2016) |
| 3 | Fruits (Mesocarp & pericarp) | Ethanol | Acute toxicity | Healthy male SD rats 5000 mg/kg BW |
7 days | No mortality, no sign of toxicity; physical behavior, central nervous system, and autonomic nervous system working well | (Azad and Sulaiman, 2020) |
| 4 | Fruits | Petroleum ether | Acute toxicity | Healthy adult female SD rats 2000 mg/kg BW |
14 days | No sign of toxicity and no changes in animal behavioral pattern. | (Altaf et al., 2018) |
| Chloroform | No sign of toxicity and no changes in animal behavioral pattern. | ||||||
| Methanol | No sign of toxicity and no changes in animal behavioral pattern. | ||||||
| Water | No sign of toxicity and no changes in animal behavioral pattern. | ||||||
| 5 | Fruits (Mesocarp & pericarp) | 70% ethanol | Acute toxicity | Healthy adult male SD rats 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 mg/kg BW |
28 days | No body weight changes, no mortality, no diseases, and no significant changes in animal behavior. However, at dose 5000 mg/kg, serum creatinine and urea levels are reduced compared to normal control | (Azad et al., 2021) |
| 6 | Leaves | Ethanol | Subchronic toxicity | Male and female Wistar rats 100, 500, 1000 mg/kg BW |
90 days | No toxic effect, AST and ALT level did not increase. No effect in blood hematology. However, liver tissue necrosis observed at dose 1000 mg/kg BW, but it was reversible. | (Hanif, 2021) |
| 7 | Leaves | Ethanol | Teratogenic toxicity | Female rats (Day 6 to day 15 pregnancy) 100, 500, 1000 mg/kg BW |
19 days | No abnormalities, however, 3 fetuses with incomplete sternum at dose 1000 mg/kg BW were observed. | (Hanif, 2021) |
| 8 | Unknown part | Methanol | Teratogenic toxicity | Zebra fish embryos 10, 100, 1000 ug/ml |
96-hour post fertilisation | No teratogenic effects | (Omar et al., 2020) |
AST-Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT-Alanine transaminase; BW-Body weight; LC50-Lethal concentration at 50%; SD- Sprague Dawley.