Table 2.

Characteristics of Included Studies Assessing the Effect of Exercise Lifestyle Interventions on CKD Progression

Study, Country	Sample Size (for Analysis)	Age (y)	BMI (kg/m2)	CKD Stage	Comorbid Conditions	Design	Study Duration (wk)a
Aoike (2015), Brazil15	29	55.1 ± 11.6	31.2 ± 6.1	3-4	T2DM (∼45% of sample)	P	12
Aoike (2018)/Gomes (2017),Brazil16,17	40	55.8 ± 8.3	31.2 ± 4.4	3-4	T2DM (∼35% of sample)	P	24
Barcellos (2018), Brazil18	109	C: 65.1 (1.3); I: 65.0 (1.2)b	C: 30.1 (0.6); I: 29.7 (0.7)b	2-4	HT	P	16
Baria (2014), Brazil19	27	52.1 ± 9.5	30.4 ± 3.8	3-4	T2DM (∼22% of sample)	P	12
Corrêa (2021)/Corrêa (2021)/de Deus (2021)/de Deus (2022), Brazil20, 21, 22, 23	105c; 90d	C: 58 ± 5; I1: 58 ± 6; I2: 58 ± 7	C: 33.2 ± 1.6; I1: 33.6 ± 2.0; I2: 33.3 ± 1.9	2	HT and T2DM	P	24
Castaneda (2001), United States24	26	C: 64 ± 13; I: 65 ± 9	C: 26.8 ± 2.7; I: 29.3 ± 6.6	Serum creatinine concentrations, 1.5-5.0 mg/dL	Diagnosed HT: control: 83%, intervention: 64%; mean number of chronic conditions: C: 6.4 ± 1.7, I: 5.5 ± 1.7	P	12
Eidemak (1997), Denmark25	30	C: 44 (28-66); I: 45 (22-70)e	NR	eGFR median 25 (range 10-43) mL/min/1.73 m2	NR	P	Mean follow-up time: C: 20 mo; I: 18 mo
Grazioli (2022), Italy26	21	62.7 ± 5.0	C1: 28.9 ± 3.0; C2: 27.3 ± 3.3; I1: 28.3 ± 4.5; I2: 25.5 ± 1.8	1-3b	NR	P	12
Greenwood (2014), UK27	18	C: 53.3 ± 12.9; I: 53.8 ± 13.5	C: 28.44 ± 4.24; I: 27.40 ± 3.52	3-4	Mixed	P	12 mo
Headley (2014)/Headley (2017)/Miele (2017), United States28, 29, 30	46	C: 57.1 ± 9.0; I: 58.0 ± 8.0	C: 36.5 ± 8.9; I: 34.9 ± 8.0	3	T2DM or HT	P	16
Hiraki (2017), Japan31	28	68.7 ± 6.8	23.7 ± 3.1	3-4	Mixed	P	12 mo
Kirkman (2019)/Kirkman (2021), United States32,33	31d; 26f	C: 62 ± 9; I: 55 ± 13	C: 34 ± 6; I: 30 ± 2	3-5	NR	P	12
Leehey (2009), United States34	11	66 (55-81)e	BMI ≥ 30	2-4	T2DM and obesity	P	24
Leehey (2016), United States35	32	66 ± 8.0g	37 ± 4.5g	2-4	T2DM and obesity	P	12 mo
Mustata (2011), Canada36	20	C: 72.5 (59-79); I: 64 (55-73)h	C: 29 (25-30); I: 27.5 (25-32)h	3-4	Diabetic cause of CKD (55%)	P	12 mo
Otobe (2021), Japan37	44	C: 78.1 ± 7.4; I: 78.4 ± 6.4h	C: 24.1 ± 3.7; I: 23.8 ± 4.1h	3-4	Cerebrovascular disease (9.4%), ischemic heart disease (7.5%), diabetes (20.8%), HT (79.2%), dyslipidemia (54.7%), neurologic disorder (1.9%), and orthopedic disease (15.1%)	P	24
Rahimimoghadam (2018), Iran38	50	C: 52.11 ± 11.4; I: 49.12 ± 10.3	NR	2-3	NR	P	12
Rossi (2014), United States39	94	C:67.7 ± 12.4; I: 69.2 ± 12.4	C: 32.2 ± 7.3; I: 30.7 ± 8.7	3-4	Diabetes (41%) and coronary artery disease (25%)	P	12
Shi (2014), China40	21	69.4 ± 7.7	NR	NR	CVD (100%), diabetes (33%), HT (71%), and hyperlipidemia (57%)	P	12
Tang (2017), China41	84	C: 43.90 ± 12.44; I: 46.26 ± 15.61	C: 23.30 ± 3.18; I: 23.82 ± 3.76	1-3	45.2% with ≥ 1 comorbid condition	P	12
Thompson (2022), Canada42	44	69 (56-73)h	32 (27-35)h	eGFR 15-44 mL/min/1.732	Chronic heart failure (2.3%), peripheral vascular disease (4.5%), stroke (11.4%), diabetes (54.5%), cancer (20.5%), and depression/anxiety (18.2%)	P	24
Uchiyama (2021)/Adachi (2022), Japan43,44	46	73 (69-78)h	23.9 ± 4.5	4	Diabetes (30%) and cerebrovascular/cardiovascular disease (26%)	P	24
Van Craenenbroeck (2015), Belgium45	40	C: 54.7 ± 14.1; I: 51.5 ± 11.8	C: 28.3 ± 5.8; I: 28.3 ± 6.2	3-4	Diabetes (10%)	P	12

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; C, control; HT, hypertension; I, intervention; NR, not reported; P, parallel; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

^aDuration reported in weeks (using 4 wk/mo) for duration of <12 months and reported as months/years for duration of 12 months and more.

^bMean (standard error).

^cFor GFR, creatinine, body weight, and HbA_1c.

^dFor blood pressure.

^eMean (range).

^fFor eGFR, systolic blood pressure.

^gCharacteristics reported for randomly assigned participants.

^hMedian (interquartile range).