Table 4.
Characteristics of Included Studies Assessing the Effect of Behavioral Lifestyle Interventions on CKD Progression
| Study, Country | Sample Size (for Analysis) | Age (y) | BMI (kg/m2) | CKD Stage | Comorbid Conditions | Design | Study Duration (wk)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joboshi (2016), Japan73 | 61 | C: 70.1 ± 11.1; I: 67.0 ± 11.5 | NR | 1-5 | Diabetes (∼46%) | P | 12 |
| Lin (2021), China74 | 108 | 64.40 ± 11.40 | 25.64 ± 4.19 | 1-3a | Diabetes (41.7%), HT (72.2%), heart disease (26.9%), and hyperlipidemia (55.6%) | P | 6 |
| Nguyen (2018), Vietnam75 | 135 | C: 48.9 ± 13.9; I: 48.8 ± 13.7 | C: 21.50 ± 2.65; I: 22.02 ± 3.38 | 3-5 | 3 comorbid conditions: 40.05%; 4 comorbid conditions: 48.9%; ≥5 comorbid conditions: 11.05% | P | 12-wk intervention (follow-up at 16 wk) |
| Sevick (2012), United States76 | 32b | NRb | NRb | eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | T2DM (100%) | P | 24 |
| St. Jules (2022), United States77 | 97c | C: 65 ± 10; I: 64 ± 8d | C: 34.4 ± 5.5; I: 33.2 ± 4.4d | 1-4 | All patients presented with T2DM | P | 24 |
| Teng (2021), Taiwan78 | 103 | 58.30 ± 11.17 | 28.79 ± 3.63 | 1-3 | NR | P | 30 mo |
| Tuot (2019), United States79 | 122 | 58.0 [50.0-64.0]d,e | NR | 1-4 | Diabetes (58.4%); coronary disease (15.3%); and hyperlipidemia (54%) | P | 12 mo |
| Williams (2012), Australia80 | 75 | 67.0 ± 9.6d | C: 31.4 ± 5.9; I: 31.8 ± 5.4d | eGFR)>15 (≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2) or diabetic kidney disease (microalbumin/creatinine ratios > 2.0 mg/mmol for men, >3.5 mg/mmol for women) | T1DM and T2DM | P | 12 |
| Wu (2018), Taiwan81 | 90 | C: 71.73 ± 12.68; I: 67.82 ± 9.43 | NR | 3b-5 | HT (82.9%), high blood sugar (57.65%), high cholesterol (35.7%), and high triglycerides (34.95%) | P | 4 (follow-up: 12 wk) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; C, control; HT, hypertension; I, intervention; NR, not reported; P, parallel; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; X, crossover.
a
Duration reported in weeks (using 4 wk/mo) for duration of <12 months and reported as months/years for duration of 12 months and more.
b
A subgroup of participants with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
c
Study included other intervention group/s, which was not relevant to this review, therefore this group/s was not included in this analysis.
d
Characteristics reported for randomly assigned participants.