Table 5.
Characteristics of the Included Studies Assessing the Effect of Multiple Lifestyle Interventions on CKD Progression
| Study, country | Sample Size (for Analysis) | Age (y) | BMI (kg/m2) | CKD Stage | Comorbid Conditions | Design | Study Duration (wk)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beetham (2022), Australia82 | 160 | C: 60.4 ± 10.2; I: 59.5 ± 9.9 | C: 33.8 ± 6.8; I: 33.1 ± 6.0 | 3-4 | Diabetes (45%), hyperlipidemia (68%), myocardial infarction (15%), heart failure (4%), peripheral vascular disease (19%), and HT (95%) | P | 3 y |
| Flesher (2011), Canada83 | 40 | C: 63.4 ± 11.8; I: 63.4 ± 12.1 | NR | 2-4 (eGFR 20-60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | HT | P | 12 mo |
| Fogelfeld (2017), United States84 | 120 | C: 58.69 ± 7.46; I: 56.27 ± 7.46 | C: 33.86 ± 7.27 (males) 35.27 ± 8.31 (females); I 32.71 ± 6.12 (males) and 35.69 ± 8.72 (females) | 3-4 | T2DM | P | 24 mo |
| Headley (2012), United States85 | 21 | C: 52.5 ± 10.6 I: 57.5 ± 11.5 | C: 34.2 ± 5.7; I: 32.7 ± 7.2 | 2-4 | Mixed | P | 48 |
| Hotu (2010), New Zealand86 | 58 | C: 60 ± 7.1; I: 63 ± 6.6 | C: 35.3 ± 5.8; I: 35.8 ± 6.9 | 3-4 | T2DM and HT | P | 12 mo |
| Ikizler (2018), United States87 | 92 | 60 ± 11 | C: 35.5 (30.6-41.5); I1: 31.0 (28.0-36.2); I2: (diet only) 32.8 (28.7-37.1); I3: 32.8 (30.4-35.8)b | 3-4 | Diabetes (25%) and HT (91%) | P | 16 |
| Johns (2020), United States88 | 44 | C: 60 ± 10; I: 63 ± 11c | BMI ≥ 30: C: 69%; I: 67%c | 3-5 | HT (100%), Diabetes (52%), coronary artery disease (28%), congestive heart failure (18%), peripheral vascular disease (26%), and cerebrovascular disease (26%) | P | 24 |
| Kankarn (2019b), Thailand89 | 192 | C: 69.69 ± 8.05; I: 69.71 ± 8.81 | C: 25.48 ± 4.07; I: 25.19 ± 3.77 | 2-4 | Diabetes (10.9%), HT (26.6%), and Diabetes with HT (41.7%) | P | 12 mo |
| Li (2020), Taiwan90 | 49 | 51.22 ± 10.98 | 27.28 ± 4.29 | 1-4 | Diabetes (35%), HT (47%), and dyslipidemia (65%) | P | 12.8 |
| Montoya (2016), United States91 | 26 | 68.1 ± 10.1 | NR | 4 | Diabetes (58.1%), HT (90.2%), and coronary artery disease (51.6%) | P | 36 |
| Yamagata (2016), Japan92 | 2136 | C: 63.17 ± 8.55; I: 62.79 ± 8.25 | C: 25.85 ± 3.85; I: 25.58 ± 3.95 | 1-5 | T2DM (61.3%), HT (90.92% | P (cluster) | 3.5 y |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; C, control; HT: hypertension; I: intervention; NR: not reported; P: parallel; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.
a
Duration reported in weeks (using 4 wk/mo) for a duration of <12 months and reported as months/years for a duration of 12 months and more.
b
Median (interquartile range).
c
Characteristics reported for randomly assigned participants.