Table 7.
Changes in Outcomes After Lifestyle Intervention (Categorized by Intervention Type), Compared With Those of Control
| Outcome | Intervention Type | No. of Effect Sizes | Weighted Mean Difference (95% CI) | Inconsistency (I2) (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GFR (mL/min/1.732) | Exercise | 20 | 1.6 (−0.2 to 3.3) | 62.7 |
| Diet | 19 | 0.5 (−2.3 to 3.2) | 93.8 | |
| Behavioral | 4 | 0.2 (−2.2 to 2.6) | 0.0 | |
| Hydration | 1 | 1.0 (−2.5 to 4.5) | — | |
| Multiple | 7 | −0.3 (−5.3 to 4.8) | 56.4 | |
| ACR (mg/g) | Exercise | 3 | −13 (−259 to 232) | 0.0 |
| Diet | 1 | −40 (−130 to 49) | — | |
| Behavioral | 2 | −304 (−628 to 20) | 32.1 | |
| Multiple | 1 | −9 (−557 to 540) | — | |
| 24-h albuminuria (mg/24 h) | Exercise | 1 | 263 (−674 to 1199) | — |
| Diet | 2 | −53 (−56 to −50) | 0.0 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | Exercise | 11 | −1.63 (−3.03 to −0.23) | 98.8 |
| Diet | 15 | 0.003 (−0.13 to 0.13) | 57.6 | |
| Behavioral | 3 | −0.08 (−0.30 to 0.15) | 0.0 | |
| Multiple | 5 | −0.04 (−0.30 to 0.23) | 39.3 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | Exercise | 17 | −4.0 (−8.5 to 0.5) | 79.6 |
| Diet | 14 | −5.2 (−7.6 to −2.9) | 61.8 | |
| Behavioral | 7 | −4.0 (−7.4 to −0.6) | 28.2 | |
| Multiple | 8 | −3.5 (−7.4 to 0.4) | 53.4 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | Exercise | 16 | −2.4 (−6.1 to 1.3) | 86.2 |
| Diet | 13 | −1.9 (−3.1 to −0.7) | 6.7 | |
| Behavioral | 5 | −2.3 (−4.3 to −0.3) | 1.1 | |
| Multiple | 8 | −0.70 (−1.7 to 0.3) | 0.0 | |
| Body weight (kg) | Exercise | 13 | −0.2 (−3.2 to 2.9) | 58.5 |
| Diet | 18 | −1.2 (−2.3 to −0.2) | 40.6 | |
| Behavioral | 2 | −1.0 (−3.4 to 1.4) | 26.5 | |
| Multiple | 5 | −4.9 (−9.0 to −0.8) | 0.0 | |
| HbA1c (%) | Exercise | 9 | 0.01 (−0.38 to 0.40) | 74.3 |
| Diet | 4 | 0.02 (−0.46 to 0.50) | 79.2 | |
| Behavioral | 4 | 0.02 (−0.21 to 0.26) | 0.0 | |
| Multiple | 5 | −0.13 (−0.26 to −0.00) | 0.0 |
Abbreviations: ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.