Table 7.
Poverty regressions for older Chinese, 2011–2020.
| Binary dependent variable: in poverty |
(1) | (2) | (3) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | −0.00673* (0.00360) |
−0.0164*** (0.00320) |
−0.0167*** (0.00324) |
| Marital status (Base: Married) | |||
| Widowed | −0.0181** (0.00843) |
−0.0561*** (0.0124) |
−0.0535** (0.0216) |
| Widowed * Female | 0.0546*** (0.0138) |
0.0767*** (0.0242) |
|
| Widowed * Rural | −0.00401 (0.0252) |
||
| Widowed *Female * Rural | −0.0298 (0.0288) |
||
| Divorced | −0.0127 (0.0185) |
−0.0564** (0.0235) |
−0.0388 (0.0242) |
| Divorced * Female | 0.105*** (0.0368) |
0.0459 (0.0368) |
|
| Divorced * Rural | −0.0266 (0.0414) |
||
| Divorced *Female * Rural | 0.118* (0.0713) |
||
| Never married | −0.0205 (0.0290) |
−0.00922 (0.0299) |
0.0563 (0.0926) |
| Never married * Female | −0.0921 (0.0833) |
0.00263 (0.0961) |
|
| Never married * Rural | −0.0735 (0.0969) |
||
| Never married *Female * Rural | −0.122 (0.131) |
||
| Rural hukou | 0.139*** (0.00842) |
0.140*** (0.00841) |
0.145*** (0.00963) |
| Region (Base: East region) | |||
| West region | 0.0124 (0.00829) |
0.0124 (0.00830) |
0.0123 (0.00832) |
| Central region | 0.0393*** (0.00808) |
0.0394*** (0.00808) |
0.0390*** (0.00807) |
| Age (Base: 60–64) | |||
| Age (65–69) | 0.0310*** (0.00641) |
0.0308*** (0.00642) |
0.0309*** (0.00641) |
| Age (70–74) | 0.0738*** (0.00856) |
0.0729*** (0.00856) |
0.0732*** (0.00856) |
| Age (75 + ) | 0.111*** (0.00957) |
0.110*** (0.00959) |
0.110*** (0.00958) |
| Education (Base: finished high school or above) | |||
| Illiterate | 0.129*** (0.00965) |
0.130*** (0.00967) |
0.129*** (0.00968) |
| Literate but did not finish elementary school | 0.0927*** (0.00995) |
0.0938*** (0.00995) |
0.0918*** (0.0100) |
| Finished elementary school | 0.0637*** (0.00907) |
0.0643*** (0.00910) |
0.0626*** (0.00924) |
| Finished middle School | 0.0403*** (0.00933) |
0.0404*** (0.00936) |
0.0391*** (0.00956) |
| Household size | −0.000932 (0.00215) |
−0.000962 (0.00215) |
−0.000864 (0.00215) |
| Wave dummy (base = 2011) | |||
| Wave 2013 | −0.0887*** (0.0133) |
−0.0888*** (0.0133) |
−0.0889*** (0.0133) |
| Wave 2015 | −0.121*** (0.0106) |
−0.120*** (0.0106) |
−0.120*** (0.0106) |
| Wave 2018 | −0.167*** (0.00972) |
−0.167*** (0.00972) |
−0.167*** (0.00971) |
| Wave 2020 | −0.209*** (0.00985) |
−0.209*** (0.00985) |
−0.209*** (0.00984) |
| Constant | 0 217*** (0.0127) |
0.121*** (0.0126) |
0.118*** (0.0129) |
| Observations | 45,203 | 45,203 | 45,203 |
| R-squared | 0.093 | 0.094 | 0.094 |
Notes: Estimated from CHARLS data by weighted least squares.
*, **, ***
denote significance levels at 10, 5, and 1 percent. Standard errors in parenthesis are clustered at the household level.