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. 2023 May 17;28:74–94. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.002

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© 2023 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 3 — Appearance, rheology, and release properties of the gels. (A) Fabrication and macroscopic appearance of PRP and SP@PRP gel activated with a calcium gluconate (CaGluc)/thrombin mixture. Strain sweeps for (B) PRP and SP@PRP gels, (C) SP@PRP-Exos, and SP@MSC-Exos. Shear rate-dependent viscosity for (D) PRP gel and SP@PRP gel, (E) SP@PRP-Exos and SP@MSC-Exos. (F) Preparation of SP@PRP-Exos and SP@MSC-Exos gels. (F1) Silk protein pre-gel at 2%, (F2) exosome-loaded genipin-crosslinked silk protein pre-gel, (F3) exosome-loaded genipin-crosslinked silk protein gel (SP@PRP-Exos and SP@MSC-Exos). Alternating strain sweeps for (G) PRP gel, (H) SP@PRP gel, (I) SP@PRP-Exos, and (J)SP@MSC-Exos. Release of (K) transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), (L) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), (M) monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP 1), and (N) interleukin-8 (IL-8) from PRP and SP@PRP gels after immersion in fresh DMEM without antibiotics and FBS, incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ for up to 7 days. Data are presented as the average value ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3).