TABLE 2.
The role of natural antioxidants in the chemoprevention of cancer.
| Dietary agent | Chemopreventive effects | References |
|---|---|---|
| Soy (Flavonoids, Genistein) | control cell cycle, ↓topoisomerase IIantioxidant | Mehta et al. (2010) |
| Ursolic acid | regulate pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins | Iqbal et al. (2018) |
| ↓free radicals, ↑arrest cell cycle, ↑apoptosis | ||
| ↓angiogenesis, ↓proliferation, ↓metastasis | ||
| β-caryophyllene | analgesic | Fidyt et al. (2016) |
| β-caryophyllene oxide | anticancer properties | |
| Capsaicin | ↑autophagy, ↑apoptosis, ↓angiogenesis | Zhang J. et al. (2019) |
| ↓proliferation, ↓metastasis | ||
| Deoxyelephantopin Isodeoxyelephantopin | ↑ apoptosis | Mehmood et al. (2017) |
| Zingerone | ↑apoptosis | Su et al. (2019) |
| Isoliquiritigenin | ↓angiogenesis | Wang et al. (2013) |
| Indole-3-carbinolGenistein | ↑ apoptosis | Ushio-Fukai and Nakamura (2008) |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | ↑apoptosis, ↓cell growth, ↓NF-kB | Khan et al. (2010) |
| Sulforaphane | ↓histone deacetylase | Ho et al. (2009) |
| Chrysin | chemopreventive effect against benzo(a) pyrene-induced lung cancer in swiss albino mice | Kasala et al. (2016) |
| Mangiferin | ↓cell-cycle proteins | Rajendran et al. (2015) |
| ↓cytokines, ↓inflammatory markers | ||
| Piperlongumine | ↓NF-kB, ↓ metastasis, ↓cancer cells growth | Kumar and Agnihotri (2021) |
| 6-shogaol | ↑anticancer effect of irinotecan, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil | Woźniak et al. (2020) |
| ↑autophagy, ↑apoptosis on colon cancer cells under hypoxic conditions | ||
| Allicin | ↓invasion, ↓ proliferation of cells by ↓STAT3 signaling in the case of cholangiocarcinoma | Chen et al. (2018) |
| Baicalein | ↓invasion, ↓proliferation of cells, ↓snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in case of colorectal cancer | Zeng et al. (2020) |
| Gingerol | ↑apoptosis, ↑caspases, ↓proliferation of cancer cells | Radhakrishnan et al. (2014) |
| ↓ MAPK/AP-1 signaling in case of colon cancer cells | ||
| Glycyrrhizic acid | ↓proliferation of cells, ↑apoptosis, ↑cell cycle arrest in the case of gastric cancer cells | Wang H et al. (2020) |
| Hispidulin | ↑anticancer activity, ↑endoplasmic reticulum stress in the case of non-small cell lung cancer | Lv et al. (2020) |
| Licochalcone A | ↓proliferation of cells, ↑ATM-CHEK2, ↑autophagy | Shen et al. (2019) |
| Gallic acid | ↓NF-kB | Morais et al. (2010) |
| Curcumin | ↓CDK-4 a, ↓Cyclin D1 in the case of breast cancer cells | George et al. (2021) |
| Genistein | ↓cancer cell proliferation | |
| ↓PTK signaling, ↓protein-tyrosine kinase | ||
| Apigenin | ↓ HPV-induced prostate cancer | |
| ↑apoptosis, alteration of cell cycle | ||
| Synthetic agents | Chemopreventive effects | References |
| 2′,5′-dialkoxylchalcones | ↓tubulin polymerization | Cheng et al. (2008) |
| 1,4-Phenylenebis (methylene)selenocynate | ↓colon tumor incidence | Reddy and Lokesh (1992) |
| butylated hydroxytoluene | protective effect against ferric nitrilotriacetate induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity | Ansar et al. (2013) |
| Butylated hydroxyanisole | ↓ARE-mediated expression of gene | Yuan et al. (2006) |
| ↓Nrf2 coupled with JNK | ||
| ↓ERK signaling pathway in HepG2 cells |
Abbreviations and symbols:↑ increase, ↓decrease, NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa B; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; MAPK/AP-1: Mitogen-activated protein kinase-Activator protein-1; ATM-CHEK2: Ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine-checkpoint kinase 2; CDK-4: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4; PTK: protein tyrosine kinase; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HepG2: liver cancer cell line.