Table 2.
The studies on the interactions between MDSCs and oncolytic viruses in various solid tumors.
| Tumors | Oncolytic Viruses | Proportional change upon OV | Mechanisms involved in changes | Combination Treatment | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDSC | Other | |||||
| Colorectal tumor | HSV (HF10) | ↑ | (Esaki et al., 2013) | |||
| Peritoneal carcinomatosis | Reovirus | ↑ (M) | (Clements et al., 2015) | |||
| Mesothelioma | MVTT | ↑ (PMN) | (Tan et al., 2019) | |||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) | ↑ | NK cells↑ | STAT1, STAT3 activation | Fludarabine | (Meng et al., 2019) |
| Colon carcinoma | Sindbis Virus | → | (Scherwitzl et al., 2018) | |||
| Glioma | HSV | ↑ | Macrophages Jag-1↑→Notch↑→CCL2↑→ MDSCs recruitment | γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) | (Otani et al., 2022) | |
| Angiosarcoma | Sendai virus | ↑ | NK cells↑ Tregs↓ CD8+ T cells↑ | IL-2 | (Takehara et al., 2013) | |
| Peritoneal carcinomatosis | Reovirus | ↑ | Gemcitabine | (Gujar et al., 2014) | ||
| Glioblastoma (GL261) | Newcastle disease virus (NDV) | ↓ | CD4+ T cells↑ CD8+ T cells↑ | (Koks et al., 2015) | ||
| Lymphoma and melanoma | Reovirus | → | TLR3-dependent | (Katayama et al., 2018) | ||
| Colon cancer (MC-38) | Vaccinia viruses (IL-36γ-OVs) | vvTK: → vvTK-IL-36γ: ↓(G), →(M) |
vvTK: TAMs→ Treg→ DC→ T cells→ vvTK-IL-36γ: TAMs↓ DCs↑ Tregs↑ NK cells↑ CD8+ T cells↑ |
IL-36γ armed OV | (Yang et al., 2021) | |
| Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CT-26) | HSV2 | ↓ | Neutrophils↑, NK cells↑, T cells↑, B cells↑ | (Zhang et al., 2021) | ||
| HPV-associated tumor (TC-1) | Newcastle disease virus (NDV) | ↑ | CD11b+ cells ↑ | (Keshavarz et al., 2020) | ||
| Lymphoma | Vaccinia virus (OVV) | ↑ | CD8+ T cells↑ NK cells↑ | Embelin | (Wang et al., 2020) | |
| A mammary tumor (NBT1) | Vaccinia virus (VV-GMCSF) | ↑ | VV-neu (Recombinant Vaccinia HER2/neu) | (de Vries et al., 2015) | ||
| Liver cancer (Hepa1-6) | OVH-aMPD-1 | OVH-aMPD-1:↑(pan), ↑(G), ↑(M) OVH: ↑(pan), →(G), →(M) |
TIGIT antibody | (Lin et al., 2020) | ||
| Ewing sarcoma (A673) | HSV1 (rRp450) | ↑ | CD11b+ cells↑ TANs↑ | Trabectedin | (Denton et al., 2018) | |
| Colon cancer (MC38) | Vaccinia virus (vvDD-CXCL11) | ↑(PMN) →(M) |
α-PD-L1 | (Liu et al., 2017) | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Newcastle disease virus (NDV) | ↑ | NDV-induced STAT3 activation, IDO1 upregulation, and MDSC infiltration | Dichloroacetate (DCA, a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor) | (Meng et al., 2020) | |
| Renal cancer (RENCA), mammary cancer (4T1), colon cancer (MC38) | Vaccinia virus (WR.TK-.Luc+) | 4T1: ↑(Day 7), MC38: ↑ (Day 3, 7, 14), RENCA: → |
COX2-mediated production of the prostaglandin PGE2 as a key determinant of MDSC tumor-infiltration | WR.TK-HPGD+ COX2 inhibitor celecoxib | (Hou et al., 2016) | |
| Lung cancer (A549) Melanoma (B16) |
Adenovirus (Ad5D24-CpG, Ad5D24) | → (Ad5D24 vs. Ctrl) ↓ (Ad5D24-CpG vs. Ctrl) |
CpG oligonucleotide blocks immune suppression by MDSCs | Ad5D24-CpG | (Cerullo et al., 2012) | |
| Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) and neuroblastoma | HSV-1 (HSV1716) | ↑(M) ↑(G) |
Alisertib (Aurora A kinase inhibitor) | (Currier et al., 2017) | ||
| Sarcoma | HSV-1 (M002: IL-12 expressing HSV-1) | ↓ | CD4+ T cells↑, CD8+ T cells ↑, Activated monocytes ↑, Tregs ↑ |
(Ring et al., 2017) | ||
| Melanoma (B16.OVA) | Adenovirus (TILT-123: Ad5/3-E2F-d24-hTNFa-IRES-hIL2) | ↓ | M2↓, M1→, DCs→, Tregs→ | (Cervera-Carrascon et al., 2021) | ||
| Colon adenocarcinoma (HCT-116) | Vaccinia virus (VACV) | ↑ | (Kilinc et al., 2016) | |||
| Peritoneal surface dissemination from colon cancer (PSD from CRC) | Vesicular stomatitis virus | ↓ | CD4+ T cells↑ | (Day et al., 2020) | ||
| Colon cancer | HSV2 | ↓ | Tregs↓ NK cells↑ CD8+ T cells↑ DCs↑ | (Zhang et al., 2020) | ||
| Ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis | Reovirus | ↓ | Tregs↓ | (Gujar et al., 2013) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | Vesicular stomatitis virus expressing Smac (VSV-S) | ↓ | Neutrophils↑ TAMs↓ | (Tang et al., 2022) | ||
| Glioblastoma (GL261 and 005) | Adenovirus (Delta-24-RGDOX) | ↑ | Tregs↑ | OV elicit IDO expression and activation | IDO inhibitor | (Nguyen et al., 2022) |
↑, increased.
↓, decreased.
→, unchanged.