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. 2023 May 10;14:1134868. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1134868

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Copyright © 2023 Ezz, Mansouri, Akthar, Yousef, Kowsar and Miyamoto

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The working hypothesis of the impact of Hyaluronan (HA) on sperm-induced inflammation in BEECs. The anticipated model indicating that, stimulation of BEECs with the most abundant endogenous ligands and molecules in bovine uterine lumen HA, prior to sperm co-culture, accelerate sperm attachment and subsequent inflammation, due to the strong interaction between HA and its receptors. (A) HA alone is unable to induce inflammation, since it is unable to interact with the main binding site of TLR2 which is responsible for the triggering of inflammation. (B) In the presence of sperm, HA could have an interaction with the main binding site of CD44 and with the peripheral domains of TLR2, which is involved in sperm attachment. After the sperm attachment, the unknown molecules (?) from sperm side should trigger the main binding site of TLR2 to induce inflammatory cascade.