Table 2.

Combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy in clinical trials (ongoing).

Study Name (yrs.)	Study type	Participants	Treatment regimen	Clinical trials. Gov number
Hanna et al. (2021) (55)	UK multi-center, open label, phase II, randomized trial	Patients with newly diagnosed LARC	Short-course radiotherapy with concomitant durvalumab followed by FOLFOX and durvalumab or long-course chemoradiotherapy with durvalumab followed by FOLFOX and durvalumab.	NCT04621370
Wang et al. (2022) (56)	China Multi-center, double-arm, phase II trial	Patients with LARC (T3-4/N +)	short-course radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy (CAPOX) and Toripalimab	NCT04518280
Yang et al. (2022) (57)	China Multi-center, phase II trial	Patients with LARC	Long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus tislelizumab followed by TME surgery	NCT04911517
Li et al. (2022) (58)	China Multi-center, single-arm, phase Ib trial	Patients with MSI-H/dMMR LARC	sintilimab plus hypofractionated radiotherapy(5 Gy x 5)	NCT04636008
Corrò et al. (2022) (59)	Switzerland phase II, single-arm study	Patients with localized RC	combining pembrolizumab with short-course radiotherapy	NCT04109755
Laengle et al. (2021) (60)	Austria phase II clinical trial	Patients with LARC	neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in combination with ipilimumab and nivolumab	NCT04124601

LARC, locally advanced rectal cancer; RC, rectal cancer; MSI-H, microsatellite instability high; dMMR, deficient mismatch repair; TME, Total mesorectal excision.