Skip to main content
. 2023 Mar 14;117(5):964–975. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.026

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Description of meal timing variables calculated from 24-h dietary recalls. Five meal timing variables were calculated based on 24-h dietary recall data from the Interactive Diet and Activity Tracking in Association of Retired Persons study, the EPIC-Potsdam Validation Study (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Potsdam Germany cohort), and the EPIC-Potsdam BMBF-II Study (Federal Ministry of Education and Research “Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung”). The duration of overnight fasting (in h) was estimated by calculating the time between the first and the last eating episode of the day and subtracting it from 24-h. The midpoint of overnight fasting time was calculated as the duration of overnight fasting divided by 2 and added to the start time of the overnight fasting based on clock time. A number of eating episodes included any eating episode associated with calorie-containing food or beverage consumption > 25 calories. The period of greatest percentage caloric intake over 24-h was calculated as the percent of total daily caloric intake allocated to 6 4-h periods (1) 00:00–04:00; 2) 04:00–08:00 ; 3) 08:00–12:00; 4) 12:00–16:00; 5) 16:00–20:00; 6) 20:00–24:00 h) over the measurement day. Late eating was calculated as a binary variable (yes/no) to evaluate whether the last eating episode in the 24-h period was before or after 9 pm.