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. 2023 May 24;13:8416. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-35471-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Increases in HCoV S1 binding IgG antibody levels indicate reinfection. HCWs received two doses of BNT162b2 and a third dose of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 in 2020–2021. Serum samples were collected before vaccination (0D), 3 weeks after the second (2D), and 3 weeks after the third dose (3D) and analyzed for 229E (a), HKU1 (b), NL63 (c), and OC43 (d) S1 binding IgG antibodies with EIA. An increase of > 20 EIA units between sequential samples was considered as an indication for reinfection or re-exposure. Sequential serum samples of different individuals are connected with lines. In figure (d) purple-marking indicates the antibody levels of individuals who have an increase in antibodies for both OC43 S1 and HKU1 S1 and green-marking those with an increase only in OC43 S1 binding antibodies. Statistical differences between the time points were analyzed using Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Two-tailed p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. P-values from left to right marked with 1 (panels a and b) are 0.031, 0.031, 0.016, and 0.016. 1111 < 0.0001.