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. 2023 May 24:1–36. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s10639-023-11703-x

Table 4.

Gender * post-COVID-19 changes crosstabulation

Gender Total
Male Female PNTS
Post-covid changes Yes, I use a safer messaging app now 20 20 0 40
Yes, I didn’t use any messaging app before, but do use it now 20 23 1 44
No, I did use it before and use it now 114 47 4 165
No, I didn’t use it before and don’t use it now 18 6 0 24
Other 7 2 0 9
Total 179 98 5 282