| Patient self-report |
| Pro: |
Con: |
| • Allows for collection of information about patient beliefs, attitudes, and experiences over time |
• Variable validity, may overstimate adherence |
| • Less expensive |
• Limited by the patient’s memory |
| Medical chart review |
| Pro: |
Con: |
| • Provides information about adherence concerns |
• Concerns of nonadherence are not systematically charted |
| • Highlights barriers to adherence |
• Less objective information about the patient’ s adherence patterns |
| • Provides biochemical measurements |
|
| • Provides pharmacy refill data |
|
| Pharmacy/refill prescription refill data |
| Pro: |
Con: |
| • Objective data |
• Cannot assess the daily pattern of medication use |
| Electronic medication measurement |
| Pro: |
Con: |
| • Assess long-term patterns of adherence with detailed information |
• Does not confirm medication was ingested |
|
• More costly, less applicable for large-scale clinical use |
| Biochemical measurements |
| Pro: |
Con: |
| • Objective data |
• Detection may depend on dose of medication, may need additional dose-ranging pharmacokinetic studies in lower doses of medication |
|
• No clear cutoff for “good” adherence |
| FeNO measurement and suppression |
| Pro: |
Con: |
| • Objective data |
• No single cutoff for “good” adherence |
