Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study patients
| Variable | HFrEF (N, %) |
HFmrEF (N, %) |
HFpEF (N, %) |
P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 4832 | 2222 | 5798 | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 65.0 | (16.1) | 68.5 | (14.6) | 72.6 | (13.6) | < 0.001 |
| Age group, years | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 18–64 | 2298 | (47.6) | 842 | (37.9) | 1487 | (25.7) | |
| 65–74 | 980 | (20.3) | 536 | (24.1) | 1363 | (23.5) | |
| ≥ 75 | 1554 | (32.2) | 844 | (38.0) | 2948 | (50.9) | |
| Sex | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Male | 3284 | (68.0) | 1327 | (59.7) | 2623 | (45.2) | |
| Female | 1548 | (32.0) | 895 | (40.3) | 3175 | (54.8) | |
| HF diagnosis year | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Before 2016 | 3477 | (72.0) | 1749 | (78.7) | 4276 | (73.8) | |
| After 2016 | 1355 | (28.0) | 473 | (21.3) | 1522 | (26.3) | |
| Hospital level | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Medical center | 3338 | (69.1) | 1627 | (73.2) | 3927 | (67.7) | |
| Non-medical center | 1494 | (30.9) | 595 | (26.8) | 1871 | (32.3) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 3052 | (63.2) | 1598 | (71.9) | 4382 | (75.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2011 | (41.6) | 1043 | (46.9) | 2563 | (44.2) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1445 | (29.9) | 806 | (36.3) | 1969 | (34.0) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1330 | (27.5) | 657 | (29.6) | 1997 | (34.4) | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 249 | (5.2) | 127 | (5.7) | 329 | (5.7) | 0.437 |
| VTE | 160 | (3.3) | 80 | (3.6) | 327 | (5.6) | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 722 | (14.9) | 404 | (18.2) | 1250 | (21.6) | < 0.001 |
| Gouty arthritis | 603 | (12.5) | 277 | (12.5) | 840 | (14.5) | 0.004 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 951 | (19.7) | 544 | (24.5) | 1551 | (26.8) | < 0.001 |
| Intra-cranial hemorrage | 77 | (1.6) | 40 | (1.8) | 115 | (2.0) | 0.323 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2946 | (61.0) | 1503 | (67.6) | 2775 | (47.9) | < 0.001 |
| Old ischemic stroke | 585 | (12.1) | 326 | (14.7) | 993 | (17.1) | < 0.001 |
| S/p CABG | 304 | (6.3) | 143 | (6.4) | 214 | (3.7) | < 0.001 |
| Valve replacement | 115 | (2.4) | 80 | (3.6) | 289 | (5.0) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory data, mean (SD) | |||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.1 | (2.5) | 11.3 | (2.4) | 10.9 | (2.3) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.9 | (2.1) | 2.4 | (2.8) | 2.0 | (2.2) | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 8.4 | (2.8) | 7.6 | (2.8) | 7.5 | (2.6) | < 0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 138.6 | (532.9) | 79.3 | (278.3) | 55.0 | (210.0) | < 0.001 |
| AST, U/L | 179.3 | (857.6) | 111.7 | (451.2) | 76.3 | (415.8) | < 0.001 |
| NT-ProBNP, pg/mL | 8307.8 | (10527.6) | 5734.7 | (5211.3) | 5820.6 | (7398.5) | 0.473 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 1452.3 | (1540.0) | 1370.6 | (1452.0) | 905.0 | (1050.7) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| ≥ 60 | 2699 | (58.8) | 1153 | (55.6) | 3036 | (56.8) | |
| 30–59 | 1052 | (22.9) | 439 | (21.2) | 1125 | (21.0) | |
| 16–30 | 345 | (7.5) | 133 | (6.4) | 466 | (8.7) | |
| Dialysis | 493 | (10.7) | 348 | (16.8) | 721 | (13.5) | |
| Hospitalized Intervention | |||||||
| Intubation/ventilation | 423 | (8.8) | 194 | (8.7) | 370 | (6.4) | < 0.001 |
| Intensive Care Unit stay | 1617 | (33.5) | 769 | (34.6) | 1478 | (25.5) | < 0.001 |
| Intensive Care Unit stay, mean (SD), days | 7.1 | (9.0) | 6.1 | (7.6) | 6.6 | (9.0) | 0.018 |
| NIPPV | 118 | (2.4) | 47 | (2.1) | 133 | (2.3) | 0.689 |
| CPCR | 17 | (0.4) | 3 | (0.1) | 11 | (0.2) | 0.126 |
| Cardioversion | 43 | (0.9) | 19 | (0.9) | 29 | (0.5) | 0.038 |
| Blood transfusion | 185 | (3.8) | 118 | (5.3) | 449 | (7.7) | < 0.001 |
| Hemodialysis | 96 | (2.0) | 81 | (3.7) | 113 | (2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary PCI with stenting | 76 | (1.6) | 31 | (1.4) | 43 | (0.7) | < 0.001 |
| Discharge medications | |||||||
| Antiplatelet | 2714 | (56.2) | 1397 | (62.9) | 2581 | (44.5) | < 0.001 |
| OAC | 3271 | (67.7) | 1632 | (73.5) | 3447 | (59.5) | < 0.001 |
| RASi | 3630 | (75.1) | 1534 | (69.0) | 3029 | (52.2) | < 0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 2965 | (61.4) | 1222 | (55.0) | 2160 | (37.3) | < 0.001 |
| DCCB | 1236 | (25.6) | 598 | (26.9) | 1615 | (27.9) | 0.031 |
| CCB | 83 | (1.7) | 86 | (3.9) | 568 | (9.8) | < 0.001 |
| Diuretics | 3395 | (70.3) | 1363 | (61.3) | 3463 | (59.7) | < 0.001 |
| MRA | 1409 | (29.2) | 315 | (14.2) | 695 | (12.0) | < 0.001 |
| OHA | 1042 | (21.6) | 529 | (23.8) | 1204 | (20.8) | 0.012 |
| Insulin | 208 | (4.3) | 147 | (6.6) | 349 | (6.0) | < 0.001 |
| Statin | 1282 | (26.5) | 693 | (31.2) | 1228 | (21.2) | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CCB, calcium channel blockers; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPCR, Cardio-Pulmonary-Cerebral-Resuscitation; DCCB, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; eGFR, estimated Glomerular filtration rate; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NIPPV, Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; NT-ProBNP, N-terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide; OAC, oral anticoagulants; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RASi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blocker, or angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; S/p CABG, status post coronary artery bypass graft; VTE, Venous thromboembolism.