Table 2.
Summary of MLM for parental psychological distress (N = 902).
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effect | Coeff | 95% CI | P | Coeff | 95% CI | P | Coeff | 95% CI | P |
| Intercept | 10.19 | 9.62–10.77 | <0.001 | 8.12 | 5.33–10.91 | <0.001 | 7.50 | 4.77–10.23 | <0.001 |
| Experiences ofhome-schooling | |||||||||
| Negative experiences index | 0.89 | 0.77–0.01 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.59–0.90 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.58–0.89 | <0.001 |
| Positive experiences index | −0.45 | −0.57 to −0.33 | <0.001 | −0.20 | −0.39 to −0.01 | 0.037 | −0.20 | −0.38 to −0.01 | 0.039 |
| City-level variable | |||||||||
| COVID-19 community level by city | |||||||||
| Yellow zone(Ref=Red zone) | 1.61 | 0.95–2.27 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Green zone(Ref=Red zone) | 0.17 | −0.67 – 1.00 | 0.702 | ||||||
| Person-level variable | |||||||||
| Individual (Parents) | |||||||||
| Age | −0.03 | −0.07 – 0.01 | 0.157 | −0.03 | −0.07 – 0.01 | 0.113 | |||
| Parents: other(Ref = Father) | 0.29 | −0.27 – 0.84 | 0.309 | 0.27 | −0.28 – 0.82 | 0.342 | |||
| Educational level | |||||||||
| Senior(Ref = Junior and below) | 0.40 | −2.31 – 3.12 | 0.772 | 0.48 | −2.22–0.18 | 0.730 | |||
| University and above(Ref = Junior and below) | 0.88 | −1.82 – 3.58 | 0.522 | 0.92 | −1.76–3.61 | 0.501 | |||
| Interpersonal | |||||||||
| Social supports | |||||||||
| Household | −1.63 | −2.09 to −1.17 | <0.001 | −1.62 | −2.08 to −1.17 | <0.001 | |||
| Relatives | −0.11 | −0.31 – 0.09 | 0.273 | −0.13 | −0.32 – 0.07 | 0.209 |
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effect | Coeff | 95% CI | P | Coeff | 95% CI | P | Coeff | 95% CI | P |
| Social supports | |||||||||
| Friends | −0.08 | −0.28 – 0.09 | 0.414 | −0.06 | −0.26 to −0.14 | 0.566 | |||
| Neighbors | −0.17 | −0.38 – 0.05 | 0.127 | −0.17 | −0.38 – 0.04 | 0.119 | |||
| Children factors | |||||||||
| Number of children in home-schooling | −0.09 | −0.46 – 0.28 | 0.630 | −0.10 | −0.46 – 0.27 | 0.605 | |||
| Child having medical intervention (Ref = None) | 0.57 | 0.10–1.05 | 0.018 | 0.59 | 0.12–1.05 | 0.015 | |||
| Child with medical diagnosis (Ref = None) | 0.75 | 0.02–1.49 | 0.045 | 0.83 | 0.10–1.56 | 0.026 | |||
| Family factors | |||||||||
| Immigrant family(Ref=None) | −0.88 | −2.01 – 0.24 | 0.123 | −0.88 | −2.00 – 0.23 | 0.122 | |||
| Types of family structure | |||||||||
| Extended family(Ref=Nuclear family) | 0.64 | 0.09–1.20 | 0.024 | 0.62 | 0.06–1.17 | 0.029 | |||
| Other family(Ref=Nuclear family) | 0.46 | −0.38–1.30 | 0.282 | 0.40 | −0.43 – 1.24 | 0.345 | |||
| Organizational: Types of work | |||||||||
| WFH(Ref=RWO) | 0.94 | 0.42–1.47 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.44–1.48 | <0.001 | |||
| Alternately(Ref=RWO) | 0.38 | −0.20 – 0.96 | 0.199 | 0.38 | −0.20 – 0.96 | 0.195 | |||
| Community: During COVID-19 alert level | |||||||||
| Level 3 (Ref=Level2) | 0.47 | 0.02–0.92 | 0.041 | 0.45 | 0.01–0.90 | 0.047 | |||
| Random effect | Variance Component | P | Variance Component | P | Variance Component | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept (μ) | 0.53 | <0.001 | 0.44 | <0.001 | 0.00005 | >0.500 |
| Individual-level (γ) | 12.31 | 10.85 | 10.81 |
WFH, work from home; RWO, regular work in the office.