Table 3.

List of polymers used in in-situ gel system for intranasal delivery in Parkinson’s disease.

Polymer Used for In-situ gel System	Anti-Parkinson Drugs Incorporated	Preparation Methodology	Parameter Tested and Model	Advantages Obtained due to Intranasal Delivery	References
Chitosan and poloxamer 407	Levodopa	Ion Gelation	In vitro release studies obeying Higuchi kinetic model, drug release following Hexson-Crowell model, In vivo drug release study in rat.	A rapid increase in brain uptake due to increased bioavailability & drug absorption on the mucosa of the nasal cavity.	[75]
Poloxamer 407 and CMC	Amantadine	Cold method	Immortalised human nasal epithelial cell line RPMI 2650, Human nasal cast model.	Replicate drug release favouring increased brain uptake.	[103, 166]
Chitosan and HPMC (Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose)	Ropinirole	Cold method	In vitro release and permeation, in vitro cytotoxicity, nasal clearance, in vivo bioavailability, and brain uptake in rat.	Reported that brain uptake has increased 8.5 times than administration by i.v route, higher than intranasal Ropinirole control delivery.	[102]
Pluronic PF127 (Poloxamer 407) and HPMC K4M	Ropinirole	Cold method	In vivo bioavailability study in albino mice, ex vivo drug diffusion study.	Drug release is reported to be increased from 56% to 100% throughout 5 hours consequently,5 times increase in bioavailability in brain nasal administration as compared to IV route.	[104]
Poloxamer 407: Poloxamer 188(1:1) Carbopol 934 P and Chitosan	Rasagiline	Cold method	In-vitro drug release and in-vivo mucociliary transit time in rat, in-vivo pharmacokinetic behaviour in rabbit, nasal toxicity studies and brain uptake studies.	Reported that bioavailability in increased by 6 times along with rapid brain uptake than oral solution.	[105]