| Proteomic biomarkers |
CA 19-9, CA 50, CA 242, CA 125 |
Serum |
Diagnosis |
| CEACAM5, CEACAM1, |
Serum |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| MUCs |
Tumor tissue, cystic fluid |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| RTKs (EGFR, IGFBP, VEGFA) |
Serum |
Diagnosis, Prognosis, Prediction |
| MIC-1 |
Serum |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| GPC1 |
Serum |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| OPN |
Serum |
Diagnosis |
| SPARC |
Tumor tissue |
Prognosis, Prediction |
| S100A2, S100A6, S100P |
Tumor tissue, duodenal juice |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| Tu M2-PK |
Serum, plasma |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| Genetic markers |
KRAS
|
Fluid, tumor tissue |
Prognosis |
|
TP53
|
Tumor tissue, duodenal fluid |
Diagnosis |
|
CDKN2A
|
Tumor tissue |
Prognosis |
|
SMAD4
|
Tumor tissue |
Prognosis, Prediction |
|
BRCA1/BRCA2
|
Tumor tissue |
Prognosis, Prediction |
|
RNF43
|
Tumor tissue, cyst fluid |
Diagnosis |
|
GNAS
|
Serum |
Diagnosis |
|
GATA6
|
Tumor tissue |
Diagnosis, Prognosis, Prediction |
|
HER2
|
Tumor tissue |
Prognosis |
|
BRAF
V600E
|
Tumor tissue |
Prognosis, Prediction |
| Epigenetic markers |
DNA methylation (GNMT, MUC4, UCHL1, CLDN5, NPTX2 and SFRP1, CLDN4, LCN2, 14-3-3r (SFN), TFF2, S100A4 and MSLN) |
Tumor tissue |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| H3K27me3 |
Tumor tissue |
Prognosis, Prediction |
| Metabolism-related biomarkers |
Carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids |
Serum |
Diagnosis, Prognosis, Prediction |
| PCSCs markers |
CD44, CD24, ESA, CD133, DCLK1, ALDH1, LGR5 and c-Met |
Serum |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| Liquid biopsy |
CTCs (epithelial markers, mRNA and DNA mutations) |
Peripheral blood |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| ctDNA (somatic mutations, CNVs, etc) |
Plasma |
Diagnosis, Prognosis, Prediction |
| ncRNAs |
Peripheral blood, urine, stool |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| Exosomes (mutant DNA, mRNA, miRNA and proteins) |
Blood and other fluid |
Diagnosis, Prognosis |
