Table 3. Prognostic factors for disease relapse after orchiectomy for patients with stage I seminoma.

Type of marker	Assessed markers	Sample	Detection technique	Main findings	References
Derivative	Inflammatory indices (NLR, dNLR, PLR, SII, SIRI, LMR)	Blood	Routine laboratory practice	The difference between the median values of certain inflammatory indices in stage I and advanced stage were statistically significant	[88,89]
Proteins	Markers related to proliferation and to the surrounding immune microenvironment	Orchiectomy tissue specimens	Immunohistochemistry	Although some candidate biomarkers (CXCR4, PD-1/PD-L interaction, etc.) indicated promising application, further research is needed to optimize patient’s risk stratification	[90]
Nucleic acids	Non-coding RNAs miR-371a-3p	Blood (serum)	RT-qPCR diagnostic kit	Not prognostic for relapse, however, may serve as an early marker of relapse	[91,85]
Signature of alterations	Altered gene expression signature	Orchiectomy tissue specimens	Gene expression analysis	A discriminating signature for relapse was not identified	[92]
	Altered protein expression signature	Orchiectomy tissue specimens	Quantitative proteomic approach	Significant difference in protein expression levels of filamin A, PARK7 and 14-3-3γ was associated with rete testis invasion and may help to identify patients with poor prognosis	[93]

Note: NLR—neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio; dNLR—derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (formula: neutrophil/(WBC-neutrophil)); PLR—platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; SII—systemic immune-inflammation index (formula: neutrophil × platelet/lymphocyte); SIRI—systemic inflammation response index (formula: neutrophil × monocyte/lymphocyte); LMR—lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; CXCR4-C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; programmed-death-1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1); RNA- ribonucleic acid; miR- micro RNA.