Table 2.

Outcomes assessed, therapies tried prior to spinal cord stimulation, and key results of the publications included in the scoping review (cont.)

Author Year	Outcomes assessed	Therapies tried prior to SCS	Key results
Rejc 2015 35	Motor output (EMG) for full weight-bearing standing	NS	Improved hand strength (approximately three-fold) and volitional hand control in the presence of epidural stimulation. Maximum force values were observed at 10 and 20 Hz. Frequency of 20 Hz at 0.7, 1.0, and 1.3 mA was chosen for further investigation, due to less tonic contraction and more overall voluntary hand control at this frequency of stimulation.
Dekopov 2015 31	Decrease in muscle tone based on Ashworth Scale	80 sessions of locomotor training (combined stand and step training with stepping comprising the majority of minutes)	Electrode configurations with cathodes placed in the caudal portion of the array, and more caudally than the anodes, at relatively higher frequencies (25–60 Hz) induced continuous EMG activity, higher level of activation of leg muscles, and better standing behavior. EMG pattern of several muscles changed from continuous to rhythmic as the stimulation amplitude increased at higher stimulation frequencies. Subjects with AIS A were able to stand without any external assistance except for balance. Subjects with AIS B used elastic cords fixed to the standing frame to assist with hip extension.
Sayenko 2014 37	Bilateral evoked potentials from leg muscles (knee and ankle muscles)	Antispastic medications Botulinum injections Rehabilitation therapy	3 to 5 stimulation sessions (30 minutes each) per day Decrease in the muscle tone was observed in most cases in the spinal spasticity group: the Ashworth score decrease from 3.71 ± 0.61 before the operation to 2.26 ± 0.56 after the operation (p < .001).