Table 1. A list of studies which shows the effects of smoking on the cardiovascular system.

MI: myocardial infraction; CHD: congenital heart defects; HP: haptoglobin; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; NRT: nicotine replacement therapy; NCAD: non-compressible arterial disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; PPCI: primary percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; DES: drug-eluting stent

Citation	Year of publication	WHO region	Country of the study	Focus of the study	Findings	Key observation	Disease
Matsuo et al. [2]	2020	Western Pacific region	Japan	To clarify the relationship between smoking habits and functional results following an ischemic stroke.	Those who gave up smoking within two years of having a stroke had a greater odds ratio for a poor functional outcome. (1.75 [1.15–2.66] versus nonsmokers). For present smokers, the likelihood of a poor functional outcome appeared to rise with daily cigarette consumption (P for trend=0.002).	At three months following an acute ischemic stroke, smoking is linked to a higher risk of poor functional outcomes.	Stroke
Sun et al. [12]	2021	Western Pacific region	China	To investigate the association between smoking and significant outcomes in patients who had undergone thrombolysis as part of the international quasi-factorial randomised Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study (ENCHANTED).	A smoker's health is less advantageous than a nonsmoker's.	Young smokers had a higher risk of developing CVD than non-smokers did.	Stroke
Reinstadler et al. [13]	2017	European region	Germany	Among patients receiving primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PPCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI), to assess the association between smoking and myocardial salvage and damage as well as clinical outcomes.	When compared to non-smokers, smokers had considerably reduced rates of MACE (3.8 vs. 8.5%, P = 0.01) and death (0.9 vs. 3.9%, P = 0.01).	MACE risk in patients with two or more defective coronary arteries is double that of people with just one damaged vessel.	MI
Patti et al. [14]	2016	European region	Italy	After myocardial infarction (MI) and drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation, patients receiving various oral P2Y12 antagonists were investigated for the effects of smoking on platelet reactivity.	Platelet reactivity increased after smoking (from 165±17 at T1 to 170±17 at T2, P = 0.0002).	Smoking and oral antiplatelet medication effectiveness are moderate and unlikely to have clinical impacts.	MI
Alotaibi et al. [15]	2021	European region	United Kingdom	Smoking causes decreased postprandial metabolism and is a known independent risk factor for coronary heart disease.	Triacylglycerol and C-reactive protein levels after meals are higher in smokers than non-smokers (primary effect group effect size [Cohen's d] = 0.94, P = 0.034).	In the early postprandial interval (0–4 h), exercise-induced reduction in postprandial triacylglycerol was higher in nonsmokers than in smokers (21%, d = 0.43, vs 5%, d = 0.16, respectively; group-condition interaction P = 0.061).	CHD
Chen et al. [3]	2019	Western Pacific region	China	The purpose of the study was to examine how patients with coronary artery disease's high-density lipoprotein function after quitting smoking.	Smokers with coronary artery disease showed a considerable improvement in high-density lipoprotein's antioxidative and antichemotactic properties after three months of quitting.	Smoking cessation did not increase the cellular cholesterol efflux caused by high-density lipoproteins.	CHD
Aung et al. [4]	2019	Southeast Asian region	Thailand	The study's goal was to determine how high-density lipoproteins in patients with coronary artery disease behave when they stop smoking.	Participants in the intervention arm quit smoking at a rate that was significantly greater than those in the control arm (25.62% vs 11.32%; adjusted odd ratio 2.95; 95% confidence interval 1.55-5.61).	Participants who received the evidence-based intervention package had a success rate for quitting smoking that was about three times higher than participants who received the standard care.	HP
Schwartz et al. [16]	2015	Region of the Americas	USA	By adding Panel Management Assistants (PMAs) to primary care teams with and without panel management training, it will be possible to evaluate the efficacy of integrating panel management into clinical practice.	In comparison to patients on control teams, patients on intervention teams had higher odds of receiving NRT (OR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.2-1.6) and enrolling in the disease management services MOVE! (OR = 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.6) and Telehealth (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-2.1).	Decrease in hypertension following smoking cessation	HP
Song et al. [17]	2015	Western Pacific region	China	Effects of smoking cessation in individuals with vascular diseases on macrophage cholesterol efflux	Smokers with NCAD and CAD had significantly lower plasma apoA-1 and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels than nonsmokers (p = 0.002, p  0.001, and p = 0.019 and p = 0.004, respectively).	Smokers with NCAD had higher apoB and triglyceride levels than nonsmokers (p = 0.003 and p = 0.038, respectively).	PAD
Rajaee et al. [18]	2019	Region of the Americas	USA	Smoking cessation intervention for patients with vascular disease: a standardized approach	16 patients (31%) had totally stopped smoking, and 40 patients (77%) had cut back by at least 50%.	After quitting smoking, the severity of vascular disorders is reduced.	PAD