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. 2023 May 24;173:103703. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2023.103703

Commute
Non-commute
Business
Freight
LCV
Car PT Car PT Car PT
VTTS per person ($/person hour) 17.72 17.72 17.72 17.72 57.48 57.48 31.05 25.41
Average vehicle occupancy 1.7 1.7 1.3 1 1
Value of travel time reliability (VoR) ($/person hour)* 30.12 Bus only 30.12 Bus only 97.72 97.72 52.79 52.79
Value of out-of-vehicle time ($/person hour) 26.58 26.58 26.58 26.58 57.48 57.48 N/A N/A
CO2 emissions (c/km) 2.66 15.61 bus; 0.8 rail; 32.69 light rail 2.66 15.61 bus; 0.8 rail; 32.69 light rail 2.66 15.61 bus; 0.8 rail; 32.69 light rail 3.67 rigid, 14.64 articulated 2.35
Air pollution (c/vkm) 3.37 37.9 bus; 4.99 rail; 41.42light rail 3.37 37.9 bus; 4.99 rail; 41.42light rail 3.37 37.9 bus; 4.99 rail; 41.42light rail 16.5 rigid, 65.82 articulated 7.56
Air pollution (c/pkm) 2.39 1.89 bus, 0.04 train, 0.64 LR 2.39 1.89 bus, 0.04 train, 0.64 LR 2.39 1.89 bus, 0.04 train, 0.64 LR N/A N/A
Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) $/tonne* 62.79
Carbon monoxide (CO) $/tonne* 3.95
Oxides of nitrogen (Nox) $/tonne* 2.503.55
Particulate matter (PM10) $/tonne* 398,451.75
Total hydrocarbons (THC) $/tonne* 1,254.41
Fuel excise (proportion of fuel price) 0.416