Table 2.
Association between respondents with history of COVID-19 and prevalence of symptoms lasting for more than two months (N = 19,784)
| Sample, n | Prevalence, n (%) | Adjusted rate, % (95% CI) | Absolute difference of adjusted prevalence (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GI upset | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 331 (13.8) | 13.3 (11.8-14.7) | +1.0 | 1.10 (0.96-1.25) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 2,121 (12.2) | 12.3 (11.8-12.8) | Reference | |
| Back pain | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 536 (22.4) | 24.4 (22.6-26.3) | +2.0 | 1.13 (1.01-1.26) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 3,936 (22.6) | 22.4 (21.8-23.0) | Reference | |
| Arm/Leg/Joint pain | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 312 (13.0) | 17.7 (15.9-19.5) | -0.1 | 0.99 (0.86-1.14) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 3,199 (18.4) | 17.8 (17.2-18.3) | Reference | |
| Headache | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 369 (15.4) | 12.1 (10.9-13.3) | +1.9 | 1.22 (1.07-1.39) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 1,712 (9.8) | 10.2 (9.8-10.7) | Reference | |
| Chest discomfort | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 96 (4.0) | 2.5 (1.9-3.1) | +0.6 | 1.34 (1.01-1.77) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 305 (1.8) | 1.9 (1.7-2.1) | Reference | |
| Dyspnea | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 171 (7.1) | 5.7 (4.7-6.6) | +0.9 | 1.20 (0.97-1.48) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 807 (4.6) | 4.8 (4.5-5.1) | Reference | |
| Dizziness | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 191 (8.0) | 5.9 (5.0-6.8) | -0.4 | 0.93 (0.77-1.11) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 1,040 (6.0) | 6.3 (5.9-6.7) | Reference | |
| Sleep disturbance | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 418 (17.4) | 17.5 (15.9-19.1) | -1.0 | 0.93 (0.83-1.06) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 3,215 (18.5) | 18.5 (17.9-19.1) | Reference | |
| Hearing loss | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 158 (6.6) | 8.8 (7.4-10.2) | +1.2 | 1.18 (0.96-1.44) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 1,373 (7.9) | 7.6 (7.2-8.0) | Reference | |
| Dysgeusia | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 70 (2.9) | 1.7 (1.2-2.3) | +0.8 | 2.05 (1.39-3.04) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 136 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.7-1.0) | Reference | |
| Dysosmia | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 64 (2.7) | 2.3 (1.6-3.0) | +1.3 | 1.96 (1.35-2.84) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 200 (1.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) | Reference | |
| Memory impairment | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 134 (5.6) | 5.9 (4.9-7.1) | +0.5 | 1.11 (0.90-1.37) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 947 (5.4) | 5.4 (5.1-5.7) | Reference | |
| Poor concentration | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 248 (10.3) | 9.6 (8.4-10.8) | -0.6 | 0.94 (0.80-1.09) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 1,752 (10.1) | 10.2 (9.7-10.6) | Reference | |
| Hair loss | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 202 (8.4) | 8.5 (7.3-9.7) | +1.7 | 1.29 (1.09-1.53) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 1,176 (6.8) | 6.8 (6.4-7.1) | Reference | |
| Decreased libido | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 164 (6.8) | 6.8 (5.7-7.8) | +1.0 | 1.18 (0.97-1.43) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 1,014 (5.8) | 5.8 (5.5-6.2) | Reference | |
| Erectile dysfunction a | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 1,274 | 110 (8.6) | 12.1 (9.9-14.4) | +2.0 | 1.25 (0.98-1.59) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 8,311 | 877 (10.6) | 10.1 (9.5-10.7) | Reference | |
| Fatigue | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 564 (23.5) | 12.1 (9.9-14.4) | +2.0 | 1.25 (0.98-1.59) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 3,507 (20.2) | 10.1 (9.5-10.7) | Reference | |
| Cough | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 83 (3.5) | 4.0 (3.1-4.9) | +0.6 | 1.21 (0.93-1.59) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 595 (3.4) | 3.4 (3.1-3.6) | Reference | |
| Fever | |||||
| Respondents with COVID-19 | 2,397 | 18 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.2-0.7) | -0.2 | 0.70 (0.39-1.25) |
| Respondents without COVID-19 | 17,387 | 101 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.5-0.8) | Reference |
NOTE:
Respondents who first contracted COVID-19 within the last two month and whose family members or coworkers contracted COVID-19 were excluded.
Adjusted for age (-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-), sex, smoking, alcohol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, COPD, CKD, chronic liver diseases, immunocompromised status, malignancies, and COVID-19 vaccine status (0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses).
Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CI, confidence interval; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; GI, gastrointestinal; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
Female respondents were excluded.