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Mechanisms of M2 macrophage regulation of fibrosis. M2 macrophages produce and secrete pro-fibrotic cytokines or proteins, which activate TGF-β/Smad signaling or Wnt/β-catenin to facilitate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibroblast-myofibroblast transition. Non-coding RNAs, including lncRNAs and miRNAs, also contribute to fibrosis in which M2 macrophages are involved.
