Table 2.
Changes in Dietary Consumption Habits During the Pandemic of COVID-19 (n = 15).
| Articles references | Findings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables Evaluated in each Study | Before | During | P value | |
| Sultan et al 7 | Participants ate fast food | 71.9% | 47% | <.001 |
| Participants ate fruits or vegetables every day | 47.2% | 60.2% | <.001 | |
| Adults consumed caffeinated beverages(≥7 times per day) | 0.9% | 3% | <.001 | |
| Participants consumed water (≥8 cups of water per day) | 11.9% | 18.4% | <.001 | |
| Franco et al 10 | Participants had adherence to the Mediterranean diet | 54.5% | 76.4% | <.001 |
| Skurvydas et al 12 | Participants never over eat | 18.2% | 20.8% | >.05 |
| Sidebottom et al 14 | Consumption frequency of meals at home per week | 4 times | 6 times | <.001 |
| Consumption frequency of meals outside of home per week | 3 times | 2 times | .884 | |
| Consumption frequency of fruits per week | 4 times | 5 times | .034 | |
| Consumption frequency of vegetables per week | 1 time | 2 times | .981 | |
| Bertrand et al 16 | Beverages (frequency/day) | 1.2 times | 0.6 time | <.005 |
| Coffee and Tea (frequency/day) | 3.3 times | 2 times | ||
| Grains (frequency/day) | 1 time | .9 time | ||
| Fruits (frequency/day) | 1 time | .8 time | ||
| Vegetables(frequency/day) | 1.3 times | .7 time | ||
| Dairy (frequency/day) | 1.7 times | .9 time | ||
| Nuts (frequency/day) | 0.8 time | .3 time | ||
| Meat (frequency/day) | 1.5 times | 1.2 times | ||
| Snacks (frequency/day) | 1.1 times | .8 time | ||
| Bosi Bağcı et al 23 | Students described their dietary habits as healthy | 30% | 48.8% | <.001 |
| Students had breakfast regularly | 50% | 80.9% | <.001 | |
| Students ate snacks regularly | 16.8% | 38.2% | <.001 | |
| Students eating outside | 97.6% | 19.4% | <.001 | |
| Students order food from outside | 91.8% | 32.8% | <.001 | |
| Abdulsalam et al 24 | Participants ate healthy food | 2.1% | 3.6% | .865 |
| Participants ate homemade meals every day | 26.9% | 56.4% | .000 | |
| Participants ate always snacks or meals late at night | 8.9% | 16.5% | .000 | |
| Imaz-Aramburu et al 25 | Students had adherence to the Mediterranean diet | 61.4% | 68.2% | .005 |
| Students ate vegetables daily | 59.8% | 65.8% | .048 | |
| Students ate red meats daily | 68.8% | 75.9% | .061 | |
| Students ate nuts daily | 56.2% | 62.2% | .076 | |
| Mascherini et al 26 | Med Diet Score per week | 31 points | 31.1 points | .153 |
| Consumption frequency of cereals per week | 1.7 times | 1.9 times | <.001 | |
| Consumption frequency of fruits per week | 2.4 times | 2.5 times | <.001 | |
| Consumption frequency of vegetables per week | 2.5 times | 2.5 times | .283 | |
| Consumption frequency of legumes per week | 2 times | 1.9 times | .001 | |
| Consumption frequency of red meat per week | 3.4 times | 3.5 times | .002 | |
| Chen et al 29 | Consumption frequency of fast food per week | 1.4 times | 0.9 time | <.001 |
| Wang et al 30 | Frequency of dining out per week | 2.3 times | 1.1 times | <.001 |
| Frequency of ordering takeaway per week | 0.5 time | 1 time | <.001 | |
| Frequency of cooking at home per week | 9.5 times | 10.5 times | <.001 | |
| Consumption frequency of sugary drinks per week | 3.5 times | 3.6 times | .037 | |
| Consumption frequency of fast food per week | 0.4 time | 0.4 time | .94 | |
| Consumption frequency of fruits per week | 8.5 times | 8.6 times | <.001 | |
| Consumption frequency of vegetables per week | 9.9 times | 10 times | .008 | |
| Dicken et al 32 | High fat, salt, and sugar snacks intake frequency per month | 48.3 times | 49.2 times | .297 |
| High fat, salt, and sugar meals intake frequency per month | 7.1 times | 6.6 times | .007 | |
| Participants consumed few portions of fruits and vegetables per day | 70% | 67% | .034 | |
| Maestre et al 34 | Participants ate fruit more than one time per day | 66.3% | 66.0% | .788 |
| Participants ate vegetables and salads more than one time per day | 41.2% | 58.3% | <.001 | |
| Participants ate bread and cereals more than one time per day | 85.8% | 58% | <.001 | |
| Participants ate red meat more than one time per day | 7.9% | 13.3% | <.001 | |
| Participants ate fast food more than one time per day | 1.1% | 0.8% | .233 | |
| Participants ate snacks more than one time per day | 1.2% | 3.6% | <.001 | |
| Sánchez-Sánchez et al 36 | Participants with high adherence to the Mediterranean diet | 4.7% | 8% | <.001 |
| Participants ate homemade baking | 0.3% | 4.6% | <.001 | |
| Ammar et al 38 | Participants consume most of the time unhealthy food | 18.4% | 23.3% | <.001 |
| Participants consuming unhealthy food always | 6.2% | 10.9% | <.001 | |
| Participants have most of the time a snack between meals or late-night | 13.9% | 24.4% | <.001 | |
| Participants having always a snack between meals or late-night | 6.4% | 15.4% | <.001 | |