Table 1.
Summary of results showing pooled standardized mean differences (SMD; with Hedges’ g adjustment) between treatment and control arms for PBLIND measures of ADHD symptoms at the first assessment after the final CCT session. Significant values are bolded.
| Effect size estimate | Heterogeneity | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Trials Included | Study N | Total N | SMD | 95%CI | p | I2 | p* |
| ADHD Symptoms | ||||||||
| ADHD Total | All | 14 | 631 | 0.12 | −0.01 to 0.25 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.92 |
| Semi-active control | 13 | 561 | 0.13 | −0.01 to 0.27 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.89 | |
| MED | 6 | 324 | 0.16 | −0.02 to 0.34 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.66 | |
| WMT | 7 | 329 | 0.08 | −0.12 to 0.27 | 0.43 | 0 | 0.93 | |
| MPT | 5 | 226 | 0.11 | −0.09 to 0.31 | 0.27 | 0 | 0.73 | |
| Children/adolescents | 13 | 587 | 0.11 | −0.02 to 0.24 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.89 | |
| Adults | 1 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
| PBLIND assessed in intervention setting | 5 | 167 | 0.22 | −0.05 to 0.50 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.54 | |
| PBLIND not assessed in intervention setting | 9 | 464 | 0.09 | −0.05 to 0.23 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.94 | |
| Non-commercially funded | 11 | 509 | 0.12 | −0.02 to 0.26 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.78 | |
| Inattention | All | 14 | 631 | 0.17 | 0.02 to 0.33 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.93 |
| Semi-active control | 13 | 561 | 0.20 | 0.04 to 0.37 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.95 | |
| MED | 6 | 258 | 0.29 | −0.04 to 0.41 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.58 | |
| WMT | 7 | 329 | 0.17 | −0.05 to 0.39 | 0.13 | 0 | 0.86 | |
| MPT | 5 | 226 | 0.12 | −0.14 to 0.38 | 0.37 | 0 | 0.90 | |
| Children/adolescents | 13 | 587 | 0.15 | −0.02 to 0.31 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.95 | |
| Adults | 1 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
| PBLIND in intervention setting | 5 | 167 | 0.40 | 0.09 to 0.71 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.74 | |
| PBLIND not assessed in intervention setting | 9 | 464 | 0.09 | −0.09 to 0.28 | 0.32 | 0 | 0.99 | |
| Non-commercially funded | 11 | 509 | 0.17 | −0.01 to 0.34 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.81 | |
| Hyperactivity/ Impulsivity | All | 14 | 631 | 0.11 | −0.04 to 0.27 | 0.16 | 0 | 0.99 |
| Semi-active control | 13 | 561 | 0.1 | −0.07 to 0.27 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.98 | |
| MED | 6 | 324 | 0.13 | −0.10 to 0.35 | 0.27 | 0 | 0.99 | |
| WMT | 9 | 405 | 0.11 | −0.08 to 0.31 | 0.26 | 0 | 1.00 | |
| MPT | 5 | 226 | 0.11 | −0.15 to 0.28 | 0.41 | 0 | 0.44 | |
| Children/adolescents | 13 | 587 | 0.12 | −0.05 to 0.28 | 0.17 | 0 | 0.98 | |
| Adults | 1 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
| PBLIND in intervention setting | 5 | 167 | 0.15 | −0.15 to 0.46 | 0.33 | 0 | 0.99 | |
| PBLIND not assessed in intervention setting | 9 | 464 | 0.10 | −0.09 to 0.28 | 0.29 | 0 | 0.86 | |
| Non-commercially funded | 11 | 509 | 0.11 | −0.07 to 0.29 | 0.22 | 0 | 0.93 | |
ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, CI Confidence Intervals, I2 percentage of between-study variation across SMDs that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance, MED only a minority (i.e., <30%) of participants were receiving medication, MPT multi-process training, N sample size, PBLIND probably blinded, SMD Hedges’ g, WMT working memory training.
*p-values from Q – i.e., the chi-squared test statistic.