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. 2023 Jan 23;28(4):1667–1678. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-01955-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Results represent means ± SEM of at least 7 mice/group. Our previous results [6] that four and eight weeks of rotenone treatment decreases and increases, respectively, the immobility time of the mice in the FST (A, B), and increases and decreases, respectively, the time spent in the open arms of the EPM (C, D), increases and decreases, respectively, the preference of the mice for sweet solution (E, F), and that lithium treatment attenuates rotenone’s effects in the FST and the EPM (A–D) were replicated. Two-ways ANOVA with rotenone (with/without) and drugs (with/without) as main factors: FST - A. rotenone effect, F(6,209) = 7.274, p < 0.0001; rotenoneXdrugs interaction, F(6,09) = 7.966, p < 0.0001. B Rotenone effect, F(6,111) = 13.21, p < 0.0001; rotenoneXdrugs interaction, F(6,111) = 2.557, p = 0.02. EPM. C Rotenone effect, F(6,166) = 27.13, p < 0.0001; rotenoneXdrugs interaction, F(6,166) = 6.234, p < 0.0001; drugs effect, F(1,166) = 8.449, p = 0.0042. D Rotenone effect, F(6,114) = 5.31, p = 0.0001; rotenoneXdrugs interaction, F(6,114) = 2.978, p < 0.01. SSPT. E Rotenone effect, F(6,81) = 16.53, p < 0.0001. F Rotenone effect, F(6,36) = 6.856, p < 0.0001; drugs effect, F(1,36) = 11.42, p = 0.0018. Asterisks and symbols denote results of Fisher’s LSD post-hoc test: ^#p < 0.05 and ^##p < 0.001 - vs. vehicle; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, and ***p < 0.0001 – vs. rotenone.