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. 2023 May 24;14:2868. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38526-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a RNA in situ hybridisations (ISH) evidencing neural crest migration for snai2 and twist in controls and LPS + ATP treated embryos. Neural crest migration is evidenced by black brackets. b Neural crest migration quantification in snai2 ISH shows significant reduction in LPS + ATP treated embryos (n = 9) in comparison to controls (n = 9) (p = 0.0003, two-sided Welch’s t test). c tnfa expression in controls (n = 10) and LPS + ATP (n = 8) neural crest explants, with significant upregulation in LPS + ATP treated embryos (p = 0.0001, two-sided Welch’s t test). d snai2 and twist ISH of controls and TNFa protein injected embryos displaying reduced neural crest migration. e Illustration of TNFa morpholino (TNFa MO) and TNFR morpholino (TNFR MO) injections at 8-cell stage targeting the right-side neural crest (in red) followed by LPS + ATP treatment. Xenopus illustrations © Natalya Zahn (2022). f Dorsal and lateral views from snai2 ISH in TNFa MO and TNFR MO injected embryos upon LPS + ATP treatment. *Injected side. g Neural crest migration quantification in LPS + ATP exposed embryos with or without TNF MO or TNFR MO knockdowns (KD) showing significant rescue of migration in TNF MO and TNFR MO injected sides (n = 9; p < 0.0001, Two-way ANOVA). h in vitro neural crest migration of Xenopus neural crest explants under control (n = 14) or LPS + ATP (n = 14) treatment displaying reduced cell dispersion in LPS + ATP. i Triangulation analysis of neural crest in vitro dispersion showing reduced areas in LPS + ATP treated embryos. j Cell dispersion is reduced in LPS + ATP treated explants (n = 14) in comparison to controls (n = 14) (p < 0.0001, two-sided Welch’s t test). k Neural crest cells under LPS + ATP treatment with reduced speed of migration (LPS + ATP n = 24; control n = 24; p < 0.0001, two-sided Welch’s t test). Boxplots centre is the median, with bounds representing the 25th and 75th percentile, with and whiskers as minima to maxima. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001.