Table 2.
Participant characteristics of included studies (n = 60).
| Year | N | Intervention | Prevention level | Child gender (boys) | Child mean age | Child age range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Hassana,31 | 2011 | 337 | Better Parenting Programme | Universal | – | – | 0–8 years |
| Arrubarrena32 | 2022 | 146 | Incredible Years | Treatment | 66% | 6.6 | 4–8 years |
| Bailey33 | 2015 | 22 | 1-2-3 Magic Parenting Program | Universal | 75% | 8.50 | 6–12 years |
| Bradley34 | 2003 | 198 | 1-2-3 Magic Parenting Program | Selective | 61% | 3.75 | 3–4 years |
| Braet35 | 2009 | 64 | Parent Management Training | Selective | 64% | 5.58 | 4–7 years |
| Breitenstein36 | 2012 | 24 | Chicago Parent Program | Universal | 54% | 2.81 | 2–4 years |
| Breitenstein37 | 2016 | 79 | Chicago Parent Program | Universal | 43% | – | 2–5 years |
| Breitenstein38 | 2021 | 287 | Chicago Parent Program | Universal | – | 2.2 | 2–5 years |
| Chacko39 | 2018 | 126 | Fathers Supporting Success in Preschoolers | Selective | 68% | 4.59 | – |
| Cheng40 | 2004 | 281 | DARE To Be You | Universal | – | – | 2–5 years |
| Day41 | 2018 | 183 | Online Triple P | Selective | 47% | 3.50 | 1–8 years |
| DeGarmo42 | 2019 | 426 | Fathering through Change | Universal | 56% | 7.88 | 4–12 years |
| Foskolos43 | 2014 | 124 | Triple P | Universal | 53% | – | 2–12 years |
| Francis44 | 2021 | 223 | Irie Homes Toolbox | Universal | 51% | 4.04 | – |
| Fung45 | 2014 | 137 | Early Pathways | Selective | 73% | 3.90 | 0–6 years |
| Furlong46 | Un-published | 41 | ChARM | Treatment | 61% | 6.60 | – |
| Gardner47 | Un-published | 120 | Parenting for Lifelong Health | Selective | 61% | 5.22 | 2–9 years |
| Gross48 | 2009 | 253 | Incredible Years | Universal | 56% | 2.91 | 2–4 years |
| Guterman49 | 2013 | 138 | Parent Aide | Indicated | 50% | – | 0–12 years |
| Guo50 | 2016 | 81 | Triple P | Universal | 8.05 | – | |
| Harris51 | 2015 | 199 | Early Pathways | Selective | 70% | 2.88 | 1–5 years |
| Herbert52 | 2013 | 31 | Parenting Your Hyperactive Preschooler | Selective | 74% | 4.50 | 3–6 years |
| Javier53 | 2016 | 28 | The Filipino Family Initiative | Selective | 45% | 8.45 | 6–12 years |
| Jouriles54 | 2001 | 36 | Project Support | Selective | 50% | 5.67 | 4–9 years |
| Jouriles55 | 2009 | 66 | Project Support | Selective | 72% | – | 4–9 years |
| Knox56 | 2013 | 149 | ACT Raising Safe kids | Selective | 59% | 3.35 | 1–8 years |
| Lachman57 | 2017 | 68 | Parenting for Lifelong Health | Selective | 51% | 5.40 | 3–8 years |
| Lachman58 | 2021 | 120 | Parenting for Lifelong Health | Indicated | 47% | 3.80 | 2–6 years |
| Leijten59 | 2017 | 154 | Incredible Years | Selective | 62% | 5.59 | 3–8 years |
| Lessard60 | 2016 | 96 | Incredible Years | Selective | 84% | 8.20 | 6–9 years |
| Lester61 | 2014 | 80 | Positive Parenting Skills Training Programme | Universal | 56% | 8.36 | 5–12 years |
| Leung62 | 2015 | 111 | Parent–Child Interaction Therapy | Selective | 74% | 4.50 | 2–7 years |
| Leung63 | 2017 | 64 | Parent–Child Interaction Therapy | Selective | 83% | 5.50 | 2–7 years |
| Menting64 | 2014 | 133 | Incredible Years | Selective | 49% | 6.40 | 2–10 years |
| Miller-Heyl65 | 1998 | 796 | DARE To Be You | Selective | – | 3.15 | 2–5 years |
| Nicholson66 | 2002 | 26 | STAR parenting programme | Indicated | 54% | – | 1–5 years |
| Nogueira67 | 2021 | 134 | Triple P | Selective | 12% | 7.13 | 3–12 years |
| Olivares68 | 1997 | 60 | unnamed | Universal | – | 7.50 | 7–9 years |
| Oveisi69 | 2010 | 246 | SOS! Help for parents | Universal | 51% | 4.53 | 2–6 years |
| Peterson70 | 2002 | 119 | unnamed | Indicated | 62% | 3.00 | 2–4 years |
| Portwood71 | 2011 | 271 | ACT Raising Safe Kids | Universal | – | – | 0–7 years |
| Prinza,72 | 2009 | 195,270 | Triple P | Universal | – | – | 0–8 years |
| Pruett73 | 2019 | 284 | Supporting Father Involvement | Treatment | – | 2.90 | 0–12 years |
| Rincón74 | 2018 | 332 | Day by Day Program | Universal | 53% | 3.80 | 3–5 years |
| Selbya,75 | 2021 | 129 | Embers the Dragon Intervention | Universal | 47% | 4.96 | 2–7 years |
| Self-Brown76 | 2018 | 99 | SafeCare | Selective | 65% | 3.30 | 2–5 years |
| Silovskya,77 | 2011 | 105 | SafeCare | Selective | – | – | ?-5 years |
| Sim78 | 2014 | 270 | Parents Make the Difference | Selective | 47% | 5.16 | 3–7 years |
| Smith79 | 2010 | 60 | Role of a Father | Selective | >50%: 1–9 years | 1–18 years | |
| Solís-Cámara80 | 2004 | 40 | Programa de Crianza Estandarizado | Selective | 60% | 3.70 | 3–5 years |
| Solís-Cámara81 | 2015 | 60 | Programa de Crianza Estandarizado. | Universal | 63% | 3.68 | 3–5 years |
| Sourander82 | 2016 | 464 | Strongest Families Smart Website | Selective | 62% | 4 | 4 years |
| Spaccarelli83 | 1992 | 37 | Incredible Years | Universal | 57% | 6.20 | – |
| Villodas84 | 2021 | 55 | Parent–Child Interaction Therapy | Selective | 62% | 4.78 | 2–7 years |
| Ward85 | 2020 | 296 | Parenting for Lifelong Health | Selective | 53% | – | 2–9 years |
| Webster–Stratton86 | 1984 | 25 | Incredible Years | Indicated | 71% | 4.80 | 3–8 years |
| Webster–Stratton87 | 1990 | 50 | Incredible Years | Selective | 79% | 5.00 | 3–8 years |
| Wolfe88 | 1988 | 53 | Parent training | Indicated | – | 2.04 | 0–5 years |
| Yao89 | 2022 | 30 | Behaviour parent training | Selective | – | – | 6–12 years |
| Zahra90 | 2014 | 60 | unnamed | Treatment | – | 5 | 5 years |
a
Not included in meta-analysis.