Fig. 2.

Sac/Val and dapagliflozin therapy downregulated the oxidative stress and DNA-damaged biomarkers and upregulated the antioxidants in H9C2 cells. A) Protein expression of NOX-1, ∗ vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡), p < 0.001. B) Protein expression of NOX-2, ∗ vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡), p < 0.001. C) Protein expression of γ-H2AX, ∗ vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡), p < 0.001. D) The oxidized protein expression, ∗ vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡), p < 0.001 (Note: the left and right lanes shown on the upper panel represent protein molecular weight marker and control oxidized molecular protein standard, respectively). M.W. = molecular weight; DNP = 1–3 dinitrophenylhydrazone. E) Protein expression of SIRT1, ∗ vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡), p < 0.001. F) Protein expression of SIRT3, ∗ vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡), p < 0.001. G) Protein expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ∗ vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡), p < 0.001. H) Protein expression of catalase (CAT), ∗ vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡), p < 0.001. I) Protein expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), ∗ vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡), p < 0.001. All statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post hoc test (n = 3). Symbols (∗, †, ‡) indicate significance (at 0.05 level). Group A = H9C2 only; group B = H9C2 + H₂O₂ (300 μM); group C = H9C2 + H₂O₂ (300 μM) + Sac/Val (12.5 μM); group D = H9C2 + H₂O₂ (300 μM) + dapagliflozin (100 μM).