Table 2. National Weighted Prevalence and Trends for Sadness Among the Adolescent Population in South Korea, 2005-2021.
| Variable | Trends in sadness, weighted % (95% CI) | Trend analysis | 2016-2019 [Reference] vs 2020-2021 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005-2007 | 2008-2011 | 2012-2015 | 2016-2019 | 2020-2021 | 2020 | 2021 | Trend before pandemic, β (95% CI)a | P value | Trend after pandemic, β (95% CI)a | P value | Trend difference in β (95% CI) | wOR (95% CI)b | P value | |
| Overall | 37.8 (37.4 to 38.2) | 36.4 (36.1 to 36.7) | 27.8 (27.5 to 28.1) | 26.1 (25.9 to 26.4) | 25.8 (25.4 to 26.2) | 25.0 (24.5 to 25.6) | 26.6 (26.1 to 27.1) | −0.229 (−0.237 to −0.222) | <.001 | 0.020 (0.010 to 0.031) | <.001 | 0.249 (0.236 to 0.262) | 0.989 (0.967 to 1.010) | .30 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 33.3 (32.9 to 33.8) | 31.4 (31.1 to 31.7) | 23.0 (22.7 to 23.3) | 20.8 (20.5 to 21.1) | 21.1 (20.7 to 21.6) | 19.9 (19.3 to 20.5) | 22.3 (21.7 to 22.9) | −0.265 (−0.274 to −0.225) | <.001 | 0.036 (0.023 to 0.049) | <.001 | 0.301 (0.273 to 0.329) | 1.014 (0.989 to 1.041) | .30 |
| Female | 42.8 (42.3 to 43.4) | 41.9 (41.6 to 42.3) | 33.0 (32.7 to 33.4) | 31.9 (31.6 to 32.3) | 30.9 (30.4 to 31.4) | 30.6 (29.8 to 31.3) | 31.2 (30.5 to 31.9) | −0.205 (−0.214 to −0.196) | <.001 | 0.007 (−0.004 to 0.019) | .22 | 0.212 (0.197 to 0.227 | 0.969 (0.950 to 0.988) | .001 |
| School grade | ||||||||||||||
| 7-9 (Middle school) | 34.6 (34.1 to 35.1) | 33.3 (32.9 to 33.7) | 25.7 (25.3 to 26.0) | 24.3 (23.9 to 24.7) | 24.4 (23.9 to 24.9) | 22.8 (22.2 to 23.5) | 25.8 (25.1 to 26.5) | −0.213 (−0.223 to −0.203) | <.001 | 0.040 (0.027 to 0.054) | <.001 | 0.253 (0.236 to 0.270) | 1.004 (0.978 to 1.031) | .76 |
| 10-12 (High school) | 41.9 (41.4 to 42.4) | 39.6 (39.1 to 40.0) | 29.8 (29.4 to 30.2) | 27.7 (27.3 to 28.1) | 27.3 (26.7 to 27.9) | 27.2 (26.3 to 28.1) | 27.4 (26.6 to 28.2) | −0.260 (−0.270 to −0.250) | <.001 | 0.003 (−0.012 to 0.018) | .70 | 0.263 (0.245 to 0.281) | 0.986 (0.955 to 1.017) | .36 |
| Residence | ||||||||||||||
| Rural | 37.9 (37.4 to 38.4) | 36.8 (36.4 to 37.2) | 27.9 (27.5 to 28.3) | 25.8 (25.4 to 26.2) | 24.9 (24.4 to 25.5) | 24.3 (23.4 to 25.1) | 25.6 (24.8 to 26.4) | −0.232 (−0.242 to −0.222) | <.001 | 0.018 (0.002 to 0.034) | .03 | 0.250 (0.231 to 0.269) | 0.965 (0.939 to 0.991) | .001 |
| Urban | 37.8 (37.2 to 38.3) | 36.0 (35.5 to 36.4) | 27.7 (27.4 to 28.1) | 26.4 (26.0 to 26.8) | 26.5 (25.9 to 27.0) | 25.6 (24.9 to 26.3) | 27.3 (26.6 to 28.0) | −0.226 (−0.236 to −0.215) | <.001 | 0.022 (0.009 to 0.035) | .001 | 0.248 (0.231 to 0.265) | 1.004 (0.978 to 1.030) | .77 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||||
| No | 35.9 (35.5 to 36.3) | 34.6 (34.3 to 34.9) | 26.4 (26.1 to 26.7) | 25.2 (25.0 to 25.5) | 25.0 (24.6 to 25.4) | 24.2 (23.6 to 24.8) | 25.8 (25.2 to 26.3) | −0.219 (−0.227 to −0.211) | <.001 | 0.021 (0.011 to 0.031) | <.001 | 0.240 (0.227 to 0.253) | 0.992 (0.974 to 1.011) | .41 |
| Yes | 51.6 (50.7 to 52.4) | 49.0 (48.3 to 49.8) | 41.5 (40.8 to 42.3) | 39.8 (38.8 to 40.8) | 44.3 (42.6 to 46.1) | 43.6 (41.2 to 46.1) | 44.9 (42.5 to 47.4) | −0.176 (−0.192 to −0.160) | <.001 | 0.013 (−0.022 to 0.048) | .47 | 0.189 (0.151 to 0.227) | 1.113 (1.106 to 1.166) | <.001 |
| Current alcohol use | ||||||||||||||
| No | 33.8 (33.4 to 34.2) | 33.3 (33.0 to 33.6) | 25.4 (25.2 to 25.7) | 24.0 (23.7 to 24.3) | 24.2 (23.8 to 24.6) | 23.4 (22.8 to 23.9) | 25.0 (24.4 to 25.5) | −0.206 (−0.214 to −0.199) | <.001 | 0.022 (0.011 to 0.032) | <.001 | 0.228 (0.021 to 0.435) | 1.008 (0.988 to 1.029) | .43 |
| Yes | 48.4 (47.8 to 49.0) | 47.6 (47.1 to 48.2) | 39.3 (38.8 to 39.9) | 37.8 (37.2 to 38.4) | 39.8 (38.7 to 40.9) | 39.2 (37.6 to 40.7) | 40.4 (38.8 to 42.0) | −0.182 (−0.195 to −0.170) | <.001 | 0.013 (−0.010 to 0.036) | .27 | 0.195 (0.169 to 0.221) | 1.053 (1.020 to 1.087) | .002 |
Abbreviation: wOR, weighted odds ratio.
a
Calculated using linear regression.
b
Derived using logistic regression; this model included the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey cycle (2016-2019 [reference] vs 2020-2021 [COVID-19 pandemic]) as a categorical variable.