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. 2023 May 25;24(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s10194-023-01596-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — GTN alters NPY expression in several brain areas, including the medial habenula (MHb). A The representative reconstructed NPY (green) images from a VEH or GTN mouse brain in diverse brain areas. Each group's left panel is the overview (scale bar, 1000 μm), and higher magnification close-ups are shown in the right panel (scale bar, 100 μm). The white contour delineates the borders of the respective brain areas. B Summary fold changes in the number of NPY neurons of the GTN group over the VEH group in multiple brain areas. n = 6 mice per group. Significance was assessed using a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. Data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. MHb, medial habenula; SPVO, spinal nucleus of the trigeminal oral part; SPVC, spinal nucleus of the trigeminal caudal part; GU5, gustatory areas layer 5; SSp-n5, primary somatosensory area nose layer 5; SSp, primary somatosensory area; SSs, supplemental somatosensory area; VPM, ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus; LP, lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus; NPC, nucleus of the posterior commissure; PGRN, paragigantocellular reticular nucleus; NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract