Table 2. Patient characteristics at the time of the biopsies and the final clinical diagnoses.
* No amyloid-ß.
MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, Aβ = Amyloid-β, HPτ = hyperphosphorylated τ, iNPH = idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, CT = computerized tomography, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, WMC = white matter change (Fazekas grade [13] at least 1), PV = periventricular, NA = not available, AD = Alzheimer’s disease, HTA = arterial hypertension, CHD = coronary heart disease, T2D = type 2 diabetes.
| Cognition at the time of biopsy | n | Sex | Leading symptom (n) | MMSE mean±SD | Aβ (n) | HPτ (n) | iNPH (n) | Shunt / shunt response (n) | Infarcts CT/MRI | WMC CT/MRI (n) | Neurological diagnosis | Cardiovascular diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) | 20 | M 7 F 13 | Gait difficulty (15) Cognitive impairment (5) | 23±5 | 4/20 | 0/20 | 14/20 | 19/15 | 1 cortical grade 1, 2 lacunar grade 1, 1 lacunar grade 2 | PV: 9/20 NA (2/20) Deep: 8/20 NA(4/20) | Psychiatric disorders, (6/20), schizophrenia (2/20), AD-type dementia (2/20) | HTA (13/20), CHD (9/20), T2D (7/20) |
| Moderate dementia | 6 | M 2 F 4 | Cognitive impairment (3) Gait difficulty (2) Tremor (1) | 15±4 | 3/6 | 1*/6 | 3/6 | 3/2 | 1 cortical grade 2, 2 lacunar (grades 2 and 1) | PV: 5/6 NA (1/6) Deep: 5/6 NA (1/6) | AD (3/6), psychiatric disorders (2/6) | HTA (3/6), T2D (2/6) |
| Severe dementia | 3 | M 3 | Cognitive impairment (2) Gait difficulty (1) | 9±5 | 3/3 | 2/3 | 0/3 | 1/0 | - | PV: 1/3 Deep: 2/3 | “Rapidly progressing dementia”, non-specific dementia | HTA (2/3) |