Table 4. Miscellaneous Repurposed Drugs against Tuberculosis, Their Mechanism of Action, MICs, and Ongoing Investigations^a.

S. no.	Drug name (Class of the drug)	Mechanism of action/Drug target in M.tb	Current use in therapeutics	Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against M.tb	Current status/Ongoing studies	Refs
1	Vitamin D (Vitamins)	promotes autophagy in M.tb-infected monocytes	Supplements for calcium and phosphorus	(5000 IU of vitD3 for 2 months)b with standard ATT.	Several CT completed	NCT01580007
						NCT02237365146,159
2	Auranofin (Gold salt)	Target TrxB2, and disrupt the redox balance	Rheumatoid arthritis	3–6 mg/dayb 0.5 μg/mL	Phase II trial completed	NCT02968927149
3	Thalidomide	Inhibit TNF-α, used as HDT	Immunomodulatory drug	3–5 mg/kg/dayb	Various CT completed	(160)
4	Disulfiram (Thiocarbamate)	Inhibitor of MetA, alter methionine pool and redox status	Alcohol withdrawal drug	5.3 μM	In vitro and in vivo	(161,162)
5	Rimonabant (Carbohydrazide)	Target MmpL3 protein, and inhibit cell wall synthesis	Antiobesity drug	25 μg/mL (H37Rv)	In vitro, In vivo	(151,152)
6	Pranlukast	Arginine biosynthetic enzyme inhibitor (MtArgJ)	Antiasthma drug	MIC90 = 5 μg/mL (H37Rv)	In vitro, In vivo	(103)
7	Linolenic acid (Polyunsaturated fatty acid)	NA	Nutritional supplementation	200 μg/mL (H37Rv)	In vitro	(163)
8	Diosmin (Phlebotonics)	l,d-transpeptidase enzymes	Hemorrhoids	NA	In vitro and In vivo	(157)
9	Cyclosporine-A (Immunosuppressants)	Disturb biofilm formation by inhibiting PpiB protein.	Organ transplant	NA	In silico and in vitro	(154,164)
10	Eltrombopag	Zmp1 and PDF	Thrombocytopenia or aplastic anemia	6.25 μM (H37Rv), 12.5 μM (Beijing isolates)	in vitro	(131)
11	Arotinolol	Zmp1 and PDF	Antihypertensive therapy	3.125 μM (H37Rv), 25 μM (Beijing isolates)	in vitro	(131)
12	Echinacoside (Phenylethanoid glycoside)	GyrB47	Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, osteoporosis, and hepatitis	MIC90 –12 μM	in silico and in vitro	(109)

^aNA: Not available, CT: clinical trials.

^bPatient daily dosage.