Table 1.

Profibrotic growth factors involved in AKI-to-CKD transition

Factors	Repored effect	Study	Authors
NGAL and KIM-1	Profibrotic and pro-inflammatory	In vivo	Ko et al. 2010 [66]
SerpinA3	Profibrotic and pro-inflammatory	In vivo	Navarro et al. 2019 [67]
CSF-1	M2 macrophage activation and polarization	In vivo	Wang et al. 2015 [68]
CTGF	Profibrotic, fibroblast proliferation, and cytokine production	In vivo and in vitro	Geng et al. 2012 [69]
Notch pathway	Profibrotic and pro-inflammatory	In vivo and in vitro	Kobayashi et al. 2008 [70]
WNT/β catenin pathway	Fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation and regulation of Klotho	In vivo and in vitro	Maarouf et al. 2016 [71]
			Kuang et al. 2021 [72]
			Xiao et al. 2016 [73]
VEGF	Macrophage recruitment; VEGF promoter gene hypermethylation at HIF-1α binding site promote fibrosis	In vivo	Leonard et al. 2008 [74]
HIF	HIF-1α promotes fibrogenesis via EMT and profibrotic gene activation	In vivo and in vitro	Rosenberger et al. 2002 [75]
			Higgins et al. 2007 [76]
YAP	YAP activation promote renal fibrosis via KLF4 and MCP-1	In vivo	Xu et al. 2021 [77]
			Zheng et al. 2021 [78]
NFAT	Increased expression of NFAT2 contributes to renal fibrosis	In vivo and in vitro	Xie et al. 2021 [79]
SIK1	Profibrotic effect via EMT process	In vivo and in vitro	Hu et al. 2021 [80]
Ang II	Profibrotic, vascular rarefaction, and stimulation of cytokine production	In vitro and in vivo	Chou et al. 2018 [81]
Snail 1	Induction of partial EMT	In vivo and in vitro	Grande et al. 2015 [82]