Table 1 |.

Sources of imprecision in psychopathology phenotyping and proposed solutions

Problem	Solution
Sampling bias	Dimensional sampling and measurement
Minimal and inconsistent phenotyping	Deep phenotyping and use of standardized measures
Phenotypic complexity	Use of homogeneous unidimensional scales, test for multidimensionality and model hierarchical relations between dimensional constructs
Poor phenotypic resolution	Increase phenotypic resolution by adding items assessing the adaptive end of the continuum
Measurement non-invariance	Test for and accommodate measurement invariance
The heterogeneity problem
Person-centered heterogeneity	Mixture modeling
Variable-centered heterogeneity	Broadband assessment of psychopathology and hierarchical modeling
Method bias	Multi-method assessment