Table 1.
RGD-based metal nanoparticles for cancer imaging
| S. No | Type of nanoparticle | Targeting motif | Cancer | Purpose | Cell line (In vitro) |
Animal model (In vivo) |
Outcome of study | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Au | RGD | Glioblastoma, melanoma | SPECT/CT imaging | M21, M21-L, U87MG | M21, M21-L, U87MG xenografts in athymic Nude-Foxn1nu mice | Improved targeting capability was achieved | [93] |
| 2. | Au-PAMAM | cRGD | Solid tumors | SPECT/CT imaging | C6 | Improved SPECT/CT imaging was achieved with good stability and biocompatibility | [100] | |
| 3 | Ag2S | c(RGDfk) | Solid tumors | Fluorescence/electron microscopy | 4T1luc, A549, e A431 | 4T1luc tumor-bearing BALB/c | Enhanced fluorescence enabled tracking single molecule in a cell without premature opsonization | [113] |
| 4 | Ag2S/BSA | RGD | Fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging & chemo/photothermal therapy | HeLa | Tailored chemo/photothermal treatment and fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging were effectively combined to provide a fully featured theranostic framework. | [114] | ||
| 5 | INP | RGD | Glioblastoma | MRI | U87MG | U87MG xenografts in BALB/c nude mice | Using multimodal approaches, tumour identification with a high degree of sensitivity was accomplished. | [124] |
| 6 | INP/DOTA | c(RGDyK) | Glioblastoma | PET/MRI | U87MG | U87MG xenografts in mice | Enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging was achieved | [126] |
| 7 | CuS | cRGD | Gastric cancer | PET imaging & Photothermal therapy | MKN45 | MKN45 xenografts in female nude mice | Non-invasive monitoring and mapping of metastatic lymph nodes were achieved | [153] |
| 8 | ErNPs@MnO2 | RGD | Triple Negative Breast Cancer | NIR-II imaging and gene delivery | MDA-MB-231 | MDA-MB-231 xenografts in BALB/c nude mice | Therapy using sensitive NIR-II imaging with GSH response was accomplished | [159] |
| 9 | Pd/Chitosan | c(RGDfK) | Triple Negative Breast Cancer | NIR imaging | MDA-MB-231, HEK-293, MG-63 | MDA-MB-231 xenografts in BALB/c nude mice | Utilizing a non-invasive near-infrared laser, improved tumour imaging and treatment were accomplished. | [180] |
| 10 | Tc/Ornithine | c(RGDfK) | SPECT/MRI | U87MG | U87MG xenografts in SCID mice | Significant tumour uptake led to improved SPECT/MR imaging | [190] |
List of abbreviations used in the table: Au – Gold NPs, Au-PAMAM – Gold- poly(amidoamine) NPs, Ag2S – Silver sulphide NPs, Ag2S/BSA – Silver sulphide/Bovine serum albumin NPs, INP – Iron oxide NPs, INP/DOTA - Dodecane tetraacetic acid/Iron NPs, CuS – Copper sulphide NPs, ErNPs@MnO2 – Erbium loaded manganese oxide NPs, Pd/Chitosan – Palladium loaded chitosan NPs, Tc/Ornithine – Technetium/ornithine NPs, RGD - Arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid, cRGD – Cyclic Arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid, c(RGDfk) - Cyclo (Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys), c(RGDyK) - Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp- [D-Tyr]-Lys), SPECT/CT - Single-photon emission computerized tomography/Computed tomography, MRI – Magnetic resonance imaging, PET/MRI - Positron emission tomography/Magnetic resonance imaging, NIR – Near infrared