. 2023 May 25;8:218. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01496-3

Table 4.

Main studies on microRNAs in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)/intermittent hypoxia (IH)

MiRNA name	Expression in IH	Target gene	Original source	Quantification approach	Main findings	Reference
miR-26b-5p	Up	Unknown	Rat hippocampus	miRNA microarray and qRT‒PCR	miR-26b-5p and miR-207 could be involved in cognitive impairments	Gao et al. (2017)⁴⁶⁹
miR-207	Down	Unknown	Rat hippocampus	miRNA microarray and qRT‒PCR		Gao et al. (2017)⁴⁶⁹
miR-155	Up	FOXO3a	Renal tissue and HK‐2 cells	RT‒qPCR	miR‐155 might be a positive regulator of the NLRP3 pathway to enhance renal injury	Wu et al. (2018)⁴⁷⁰
miR-664a-3p	Down	Unknown	Serum of OSAS patients	qRT‒PCR	Negative correlation of miR-664a-3p expression with AHI and maximum carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and positive correlation with the lowest oxygen saturation (LOS); miR-664a-3p as a candidate biomarker of atherosclerosis in OSAS	Li et al. (2018)⁴⁷³
miR-199-3p	Down	Unknown	Serum of OSAS patients	LNA oligonucleotide microarrays and qRT‒PCR	Involved in hypoxia, metabolism, and oxidative stress	Li et al. (2017)⁴⁷⁴
miR-107	Down
miR-485-5p	Up
miR-574-5p	Up
miR-130a	Up	GAX	Blood of OSAS patients; human umbilical vein endothelial cells	qRT‒PCR	miR-130a may contribute to the development of OSAS-associated pulmonary hypertension by downregulating the expression of GAX	An et al. (2017)⁶⁸⁴
miR-365	Down	IL-6	Hepatocyte, stellate cell, and macrophage cell lines; serum of OSAS patients	qRT‒PCR	miR-365 acts as an important trigger for the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of macrophages in OSAS patients	Schaefer et al. (2017)⁶⁸⁵
miR-185	Down	CoLA1	Lung tissue of dogs; COPD lung tissue; human primary pulmonary cells	qRT‒PCR	OSAS could inhibit miR-185 and promote CoLA1 expression leading to lung remodeling	Ding et al. (2016)⁶⁸⁶
miR-34a-5p	Up	Bcl-2	Human coronary artery endothelial cells	qRT‒PCR	miR‐34a‐5p activated beclin-1 through Bcl‐2 inhibition in IH and participated in IH-induced endothelial cell autophagy	Lv et al. (2019)⁶⁸⁷
miR-630	Down	Nrf2, AMP kinase, and tight junction pathways	Plasma of pediatric OSAS patients and human microvascular endothelial cells	miRNA microarrays and qRT‒PCR	miRNA-630 as a putative key mediator of endothelial dysfunction in children with underlying OSAS	Khalyfa et al. (2019)⁶⁸⁸
miR-145	Down	Smad3	Canines; human aortic tissue; vascular smooth muscle cells from rats	qRT‒PCR	OSAS could activate the miR-145/Smad3 signaling pathway to promote aortic fibrosis, apoptosis and sympathetic nerve sprouting, which cause aortic structural and autonomic remodeling	Yu et al. (2017)⁶⁸⁹
miR-146a-5p	Up	XIAP	H9c2 cells	qRT‒PCR	miR-146a-5p could aggravate IH-induced H9c2 cell injury by attenuating H9c2 viability and promoting its apoptosis by targeting XIAP	Lin et al. (2019)⁶⁹⁰
miR-30a	Up	Beclin-1	Mouse endothelial cells	RT‒qPCR	Upregulated miR-30a significantly reduced beclin-1 levels to attenuate endothelial cell autophagy in vitro and in vivo, which aggravated IH-induced endothelial cell injury	Bi et al. (2019)⁶⁹¹
miR-31	Up	PKCε	H9c2 neonatal cardiomyocytes	qRT‒PCR	Upregulation of miR-31 decreased the mRNA and protein expression of PKCε to promote myocardial hypertrophy	Ren et al. (2018)⁶⁹²
miR-224-5p	Down	NLRP3	Mouse brain tissues and microglial BV2 mouse cells	qRT‒PCR	miR-224-5p reduces microglial inflammatory activation by regulating NLRP3 expression	Du et al. (2020)⁴⁸¹
miR-218	Up	Robo1	Mice aortic endothelial cells	qRT‒PCR	Upregulated expression of miR-218 promotes IH-induced apoptosis in aortic endothelial cells targeting Robo1	Liu et al. (2017)⁶⁹³
miR-203	Down	SELENOP HIP/PAP	Human hepatocytes	qRT‒PCR	IH upregulated the levels of SELENOP in human hepatocytes to potentiate insulin resistance and upregulated the levels of HIP/PAP mRNAs to promote cell proliferation via a miR-203-mediated mechanism.	Uchiyama et al. (2017)⁶⁹⁴
miR-452	Down	RETN, TNF-α, and CCL2	Mouse adipocytes and human liposarcoma adipocytes	qRT‒PCR	IH downregulated miR-452, resulting in increased levels of RETN, TNFα, and CCL2, leading to insulin resistance	Uchiyama et al. (2019)⁶⁹⁵
miR-126a-3p	Down	HIF-1a	The blood, heart tissues, and abdominal aortas of rats; rat aortic smooth muscle cells	qRT‒PCR	IH decreased miR-126a-3p levels and increased HIF-1α expression, which promoted hypertension in the OSAS rat model	He et al. (2020)⁶⁹⁶
miR-320b	Down	USP37	Lung cancer tissues and lung cancer cells	qRT‒PCR	IH-induced miR-320b downregulation promoted the proliferation and invasion capabilities of lung cancer cells through a USP37-mediated mechanism	Li et al. (2021)⁶⁹⁷
miR-21	Up	Spry1/ERK/MMP-9, PTEN/PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways	Rat atrial tissues	RT‒qPCR	IH-induced upregulation of miR-21 expression promotes atrial remodeling and fibrosis	Zhang et al. (2018)⁶⁹⁸
miR-214-3p	Up	CTRP9	Cardiac tissue of IH mice	qRT‒PCR	Myocardial infarction + IH upregulated miR-214-3p, inhibited cardiac CTRP9 expression and exacerbated cardiac remodeling and heart failure	Du et al. (2020)⁶⁹⁹
miR-1249 miR-193 miR-218 miR-30B	Up	Unknown	Mouse aortic endothelial cell	qRT‒PCR	Different miRNA expression patterns could be induced by IH, in which downregulation of miR-193 was associated with the expression of autophagy- and apoptosis-related genes.	Liu et al. (2018)⁴⁶⁸
miR-16 miR-718	Down	Unknown	Mouse aortic endothelial cell	qRT‒PCR		Liu et al. (2018)⁴⁶⁸