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. 2023 Mar 20;51(2):597–612. doi: 10.1042/BST20220157

Figure 1. Oncofetal cells within the TME promote immunosuppression.

Figure 1.

Tumorigenic hepatocytes and FOLR2+ TAMs secrete VEGF within the TME of HCC, inducing the oncofetal reprogramming and expansion of PLVAP+ ECs, with NOTCH signalling maintaining the oncofetal ecosystem. Furthermore, high expression levels of CD86 by FOLR2+ TAMs induces Treg expansion. To further enhance the immunosuppressive environment, cytokines and chemokines secreted by FOLR2+ TAMs inhibit the cytotoxic response of T cells. An immunosuppressive TME orchestrated by oncofetal cells provides the basis for EMT and metastasis. Created with BioRender.com.