FIGURE 4.

GLS inhibits transdifferentiation by promoting glycolysis. (A) Expression changes of genes in the cellular respiration‐related pathways were compared during transdifferentiation in the cortex and striatum. Red gene should experience larger changes during transdifferentiation in striatum. Blue genes functioned just oppositely. Black genes had low expression. (B) The intracellular concentration of 2‐oxoglutarate in astrocytes from the cortex and striatum. (C) Expression of Gls1 and Glul genes in cortical and striatal astrocytes. (D) Transdifferentiation efficiencies of cortical and striatal astrocytes after Gls1 overexpression or GLS1 suppression with BPTES. (E,F) Energy metabolism was analyzed in cortical astrocytes after Gls1 overexpression or GLS1 suppression with BPTES with a Seahorse instrument. (G) Transdifferentiation efficiency of cortical astrocytes by 5C and 7C medium. (H–J) Schematic overview of 7C medium‐induced transdifferentiation in vivo (H). Representative immunofluorescence images of NeuN⁺GFAP⁺EdU⁺ cells were provided in (I) and the results were summarized in (J). Experiments were repeated for at least six times (n ≥ 6). Each group included at least six mice and at least seven frozen sections from each mouse (n ≥ 42) (I,J). Error bars represented standard deviations except standard errors in (J). Student two‐tailed t‐test was used except two‐way ANOVA were used for (D). Additional statistic information could be found in Table S2.