Table 8.

Effect of manganese (Mn) and manganese nanoparticles (Mn-NPs) on DNA damage in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus for a period of 96 h.

Manganese exposure (mg/L)	Comet area	Comet length	Comet DNA	Head area	Head DNA	Head DNA (%)	Tail area	Tail DNA	Tail DNA (%)
Control	2481 ± 11.45	58 ± 1.69	462,378 ± 25.85	2003 ± 1.63	422,358 ± 94.63	91.34 ± 4.85	478 ± 3.46	40,020 ± 59.45	8.66 ± 0.39
Mn-110	1804 ± 21.32	52 ± 1.05	217,308 ± 14.13	384 ± 11.29	57,130 ± 27.63	26.29 ± 1.08	1420 ± 11.63	160,178 ± 7.63	73.71 ± 2.17
Mn-111	1257 ± 20.06	46 ± 1.63	213,524 ± 11.12	112 ± 1.28	16,331 ± 16.85	7.65 ± 0.85	1145 ± 3.74	197,193 ± 6.45	92.35 ± 3.19
Mn-112	4421 ± 6.18	75 ± 2.74	807,085 ± 1.63	433 ± 5.63	80,520 ± 68.39	9.98 ± 0.39	3988 ± 22.89	726,565 ± 28.63	90.02 ± 1.07
Mn-113	3150 ± 3.56	72 ± 3.41	386,235 ± 2.39	107 ± 1.86	5250 ± 2.74	1.36 ± 0.17	3043 ± 16.59	380,985 ± 31.63	98.64 ± 5.39
Mn-114	495 ± 1.80	31 ± 1.06	26,184 ± 14.32	4 ± 0.21	141 ± 2.85	0.54 ± 0.11	491 ± 3.74	26,043 ± 7.63	99.46 ± 1.46
Mn-NPs-91	670 ± 1.09	31 ± 0.63	57,092 ± 17.32	384 ± 2.95	40,941 ± 6.45	74.84 ± 2.74	317 ± 4.96	21,681 ± 6.11	25.16 ± 1.37
Mn-NPs-92	1513.56 ± 11.63	18.67 ± 1.85	264,490 ± 2.69	522.89 ± 11.63	116,321 ± 25.63	41.97 ± 1.67	1591.78 ± 24.63	252,931 ± 18.63	41.97 ± 2.08
Mn-NPs-93	1594.45 ± 12.71	42.91 ± 2.63	217,279 ± 3.74	514.09 ± 2.85	77,819 ± 18.16	52.66 ± 2.16	1080.36 ± 27.16	139,460 ± 32.63	47.34 ± 1.06
Mn-NPs-94	2236 ± 13.37	52 ± 1.11	394,598 ± 11.36	384 ± 3.48	78,590 ± 51.23	19.92 ± 1.08	1852 ± 2.96	316,008 ± 11.28	80.08 ± 2.17
Mn-NPs-95	820 ± 1.69	32 ± 2.46	65,662 ± 21.52	12 ± 1.08	1735 ± 2.74	2.64 ± 0.62	808 ± 2.96	63,927 ± 7.19	97.36 ± 3.19

Data expressed as mean ± SE (n = 3).