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. 2023 May 25;7:48. doi: 10.1038/s41698-023-00384-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic overview of the study design (Created with BioRender.com). CD45⁺ immune cells isolated from surgical resected fresh tumors of seven patients receiving two cycles NAC or NAPC were subjected to single-cell sequencing. Paired FFPE tissues at biopsy before neoadjuvant therapy and at surgery after neoadjuvant therapy were collected for mIHC staining. b UMAP display of immune cells in NSCLC patients treated with neoadjuvant NAC and NAPC therapy. Each dot corresponds to one single cell, colored according to cell cluster. c Immune cell composition in neoadjuvant NAC and NAPC therapy. d–e Comparison of CD4⁺ T cell and CD8⁺ T cell clusters proportions between NAC and NAPC groups. f GSEA analysis of different lymphocyte subpopulation signatures in NAC and NAPC.