. 2023 May 12;14:1157535. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1157535

TABLE 3.

Analysis and comparison of the scores of the TDS scale, OTE, SDS scale, FD-QoL questionnaire, and DQ, and FR proportion at baseline and post-treatment between the NHT and placebo groups.

Variables	Weeks	Mean ± SD (n)				p-value
Variables	Weeks	NHT		Placebo		p-value
TDS scale	0	10.57 ± 4.11	(58)	9.97 ± 3.66	(58)	0.405 ^a
	2	6.05 ± 3.61^###	(56)	7.14 ± 4.31^###	(57)	0.137 ^b
	4	4.59 ± 3.48^###	(54)	6.49 ± 4.25^###	(55)	0.011 ^b ^,*
	8	4.53 ± 3.32^###	(51)	5.72 ± 4.15^###	(54)	0.137 ^b
OTE	2	2.04 ± 1.53	(56)	1.30 ± 1.96	(57)	0.016 ^b ^,*
	4	2.89 ± 1.91^##	(54)	1.62 ± 2.35	(55)	0.002 ^b ^,**
	8	2.80 ± 2.58	(51)	1.28 ± 2.01	(54)	0.000 ^b ^,***
SDS scale
Epigastric pain	0	3.36 ± 2.50	(58)	3.48 ± 2.48	(58)	0.850 ^b
	2	2.11 ± 2.33^##	(56)	1.91 ± 2.27^###	(57)	0.569 ^b
	4	1.59 ± 2.12^###	(54)	1.56 ± 2.25^###	(55)	0.734 ^b
Epigastric burning	0	3.88 ± 1.96	(58)	3.10 ± 2.28	(58)	0.058 ^b
	2	2.20 ± 1.80^###	(56)	2.14 ± 2.33^##	(57)	0.631 ^b
	4	1.50 ± 1.93^###	(54)	1.89 ± 2.20^##	(55)	0.451 ^b
Postprandial fullness	0	5.95 ± 2.39	(58)	5.79 ± 2.03	(58)	0.638 ^b
	2	3.84 ± 2.04^###	(56)	4.58 ± 2.56^##	(57)	0.232 ^b
	4	3.28 ± 2.32^###	(54)	4.16 ± 2.68^###	(55)	0.127 ^b
Early satiation	0	4.60 ± 2.87	(58)	3.91 ± 2.61	(58)	0.200 ^b
	2	2.36 ± 2.28^###	(56)	3.07 ± 2.33	(57)	0.142 ^b
	4	1.81 ± 2.06^###	(54)	2.71 ± 2.47^##	(55)	0.060 ^b
FD-QoL questionnaire	0	30.91 ± 18.71	(58)	28.34 ± 15.96	(58)	0.568 ^b
	2	20.39 ± 16.34^###	(56)	23.33 ± 17.91^##	(57)	0.333 ^b
	4	16.59 ± 14.82^###	(54)	21.85 ± 18.87^###	(55)	0.131 ^b
DQ	0	10.07 ± 3.35	(58)	8.99 ± 3.42	(58)	0.091 ^a
	2	7.67 ± 4.27^###	(56)	7.62 ± 3.74^#	(57)	0.953 ^a
	4	6.20 ± 3.46^###	(54)	7.40 ± 4.01^#	(55)	0.096 ^a
FR, n (%)	0	37 (63.8)	(58)	37 (63.8)	(58)	1.000 ^d
	2	23 (41.1) ^c ^,##	(56)	28 (49.1) ^c ^,#	(57)	0.390 ^d
	4	16 (29.6) ^c ^,###	(54)	25 (45.5) ^c ^,#	(55)	0.088 ^d

^{^a}

Independent two-sample t-test.

^{^b}

Mann–Whitney U test.

^{^c}

McNemar’s test.

^{^d}

Pearson’s chi-squared test.

DQ, Damum questionnaire; FD-QoL, functional dyspepsia-related quality of life; FR, food retention; NHT, Naesohwajung-tang; OTE, overall treatment effect; SDS, single dyspepsia symptom; SD, standard deviation; TDS, total dyspepsia symptom. Pearson’s chi-squared test for categorical variables and the independent two-sample t-test or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables were used. McNemar’s test was used to compare the proportion of patients diagnosed with FR before and after intervention. The significant differences compared to the baseline value were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Continuous values are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 indicate statistically significant differences between the NHT and placebo groups. ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, and ^### p < 0.001 indicate statistically significant differences compared to the baseline value (week 0).